Space within the inner membrane of the mitochondrion
Cell biology
mitochondrion
Components of a typical mitochondrion
1 Outer membrane
1.1 Porin
2 Intermembrane space
2.1 Intracristal space
2.2 Peripheral space
3 Lamella
3.1 Inner membrane
3.11 Inner boundary membrane
3.12 Cristal membrane
3.2 Matrix ◄ You are here
3.3 Cristæ
4 Mitochondrial DNA 5 Matrix granule 6 Ribosome 7 ATP synthase
In the mitochondrion, the matrix is the space within the inner membrane. The word "matrix" stems from the fact that this space is viscous, compared to the relatively aqueous cytoplasm. The mitochondrial matrix contains the mitochondrial DNA, ribosomes, soluble enzymes, small organic molecules, nucleotide cofactors, and inorganic ions.[1] The enzymes in the matrix facilitate reactions responsible for the production of ATP, such as the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, oxidation of pyruvate, and the beta oxidation of fatty acids.[1]
The composition of the matrix based on its structures and contents produce an environment that allows the anabolic and catabolic pathways to proceed favorably. The electron transport chain and enzymes in the matrix play a large role in the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. The citric acid cycle produces NADH and FADH2 through oxidation that will be reduced in oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP.[2][3]
The cytosolic, intermembrane space, compartment has a higher aqueous:protein content of around 3.8 μL/mg protein relative to that occurring in mitochondrial matrix where such levels typically are near 0.8 μL/mg protein.[4] It is not known how mitochondria maintain osmotic balance across the inner mitochondrial membrane, although the membrane contains aquaporins that are believed to be conduits for regulated water transport. Mitochondrial matrix has a pH of about 7.8, which is higher than the pH of the intermembrane space of the mitochondria, which is around 7.0–7.4.[5] Mitochondrial DNA was discovered by Nash and Margit in 1963. One to many double stranded mainly circular DNA is present in mitochondrial matrix. Mitochondrial DNA is 1% of total DNA of a cell. It is rich in guanine and cytosine content, and in humans is maternally derived. Mitochondria of mammals have 55s ribosomes.
^Voet, Donald; Voet, Judith; Pratt, Charlotte (2013). Fundamentals of Biochemistry Life at the Molecular Level. New York City: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 582–584. ISBN 978-1118129180.
^Stryer, L; Berg, J; Tymoczko, JL (2002). Biochemistry. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. pp. 509–527, 569–579, 614–616, 638–641, 732–735, 739–748, 770–773. ISBN 978-0-7167-4684-3.
^Mitchell, Peter; Moyle, Jennifer (1967-01-14). "Chemiosmotic Hypothesis of Oxidative Phosphorylation". Nature. 213 (5072): 137–139. Bibcode:1967Natur.213..137M. doi:10.1038/213137a0. PMID 4291593. S2CID 4149605.
^Soboll, S; Scholz, R; Freisl, M; Elbers, R; Heldt, H.W. (1976). Distribution of metabolites between mitochondria and cytosol of perfused liver. New york: Elsevier. pp. 29–40. ISBN 978-0-444-10925-5.
^Porcelli, Anna Maria; Ghelli, Anna; Zanna, Claudia; Pinton, Paolo; Rizzuto, Rosario; Rugolo, Michela (2005-01-28). "pH difference across the outer mitochondrial membrane measured with a green fluorescent protein mutant". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 326 (4): 799–804. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.11.105. PMID 15607740.
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compared to the relatively aqueous cytoplasm. The mitochondrialmatrix contains the mitochondrial DNA, ribosomes, soluble enzymes, small organic molecules...
generates ATP in the matrix Specific transport proteins that regulate metabolite passage into and out of the mitochondrialmatrix It contains more than...
The inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) is the mitochondrial membrane which separates the mitochondrialmatrix from the intermembrane space. The structure...
from the mitochondrialmatrix into the intermembrane space, creating an electrochemical proton gradient (ΔpH) across the inner mitochondrial membrane...
correctly targeted to the mitochondrialmatrix. Proteins targeted to the mitochondrialmatrix first involves interactions between the matrix targeting sequence...
It is separated into compartments by membranes. For example, the mitochondrialmatrix separates the mitochondrion into many compartments. In the eukaryotic...
mitochondria. Once activated, the acyl CoA is transported into the mitochondrialmatrix. This occurs via a series of similar steps: Acyl CoA is conjugated...
accepts electrons from electron-transferring flavoprotein in the mitochondrialmatrix, and uses these electrons to reduce ubiquinone. This enzyme contains...
inner mitochondrial membrane and belongs to mitochondrial carrier family. Free ADP is transported from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrialmatrix, while...
enzyme converts oxaloacetate to malate, which is translocated to the mitochondrialmatrix. Another malate dehydrogenase-catalyzed reaction occurs in the opposite...
coenzyme A) on the outer mitochondrial membrane, the activated fatty acids must be oxidized within the mitochondrialmatrix. Long chain fatty acids such...
membranes as well as the cost of moving pyruvate and ADP into the mitochondrialmatrix, and current estimates range around 29 to 30 ATP per glucose. Aerobic...
the cytosol, the following processes bring fatty acids into the mitochondrialmatrix so that beta-oxidation can take place. Long-chain-fatty-acid—CoA...
be loosely associated in a multienzyme protein complex within the mitochondrialmatrix. The GTP that is formed by GDP-forming succinyl-CoA synthetase may...
formed by the amount of H+ ions. H+ ions passively pass into the mitochondrialmatrix by the ATP synthase, and later help to re-form H2O (water). The electron...
metabolism. ALDH2 has a low Km for acetaldehyde, and is localized in mitochondrialmatrix. The other liver isozyme, ALDH1, localizes to the cytosol. Most White...
oxidase, binding from within the mitochondrialmatrix. Cytochrome c oxidase has 3 subunits which are encoded by mitochondrial DNA (cytochrome c oxidase subunit...
responsible for hydrolyzing ATP. The F1 unit protrudes into the mitochondrialmatrix space. Subunits α and β make a hexamer with 6 binding sites. Three...
more carbons must be activated and subsequently transported into mitochondrialmatrix of the cells in three enzymatic reactions of the carnitine shuttle...
intermediate. The oxidation of acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) in the mitochondrialmatrix is coupled to the reduction of a carrier molecule such as nicotinamide...
mitochondria via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Succinate can exit the mitochondrialmatrix and function in the cytoplasm as well as the extracellular space...
depolymerize and shrink rapidly. The translocation of proteins into the mitochondrialmatrix involves the interactions of both GTP and ATP. The importing of these...
mitochondrial membranes. These two membranes allow the formation of two aqueous compartments, which are the intermembrane space (IMS) and the matrix....
only blocks the mitochondrial electron transport chain, it also interferes with the pumping of a proton out of the mitochondrialmatrix which would otherwise...
membrane protein biogenesis The inner mitochondrial membrane is a structure that surrounds the mitochondrialmatrix, characterized by many folds and compartments...
activity. SIRT3 is a soluble protein located in the mitochondrialmatrix, and contains a mitochondrial processing peptide at the N-terminus. A set of crystal...
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