Electrochemical principle that enables cellular respiration
Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane bound structure, down their electrochemical gradient. An important example is the formation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the movement of hydrogen ions (H+) across a membrane during cellular respiration or photosynthesis.
An ion gradient has potential energy and can be used to power chemical reactions when the ions pass through a channel (red).
Hydrogen ions, or protons, will diffuse from a region of high proton concentration to a region of lower proton concentration, and an electrochemical concentration gradient of protons across a membrane can be harnessed to make ATP. This process is related to osmosis, the movement of water across a selective membrane, which is why it is called "chemiosmosis".
ATP synthase is the enzyme that makes ATP by chemiosmosis. It allows protons to pass through the membrane and uses the free energy difference to convert phosphorylate adenosine diphosphate (ADP) into ATP. The ATP synthase contains two parts: CF0 (present in thylakoid membrane) and CF1 (protrudes on the outer surface of thylakoid membrane). The breakdown of the proton gradient leads to conformational change in CF1—providing enough energy in the process to convert ADP to ATP. The generation of ATP by chemiosmosis occurs in mitochondria and chloroplasts, as well as in most bacteria and archaea. For instance, in chloroplasts during photosynthesis, an electron transport chain pumps H+ ions (protons) in the stroma (fluid) through the thylakoid membrane to the thylakoid spaces. The stored energy is used to photophosphorylate ADP, making ATP, as protons move through ATP synthase.
selective membrane, which is why it is called "chemiosmosis". ATP synthase is the enzyme that makes ATP by chemiosmosis. It allows protons to pass through the...
aid of diterpenes to move ions against a gradient and produce ATP via chemiosmosis in the manner of mitochondria. The photopigments used to carry out anaerobic...
gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase in a process called chemiosmosis. The ATP synthase uses the energy to transform adenosine diphosphate...
of protons (hydrogen ions) across the inner mitochondrial membrane (chemiosmosis), which generates a proton motive force. Energy from the proton motive...
LUCA was anaerobic with the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway, deriving energy by chemiosmosis, and maintaining its hereditary material with DNA, the genetic code,...
Michael Faraday Prize (2016) Scientific career Fields Biochemistry, chemiosmosis Institutions University College London Thesis In vivo studies of ischaemia-reperfusion...
energy released is used to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through chemiosmosis, the same basic process that happens in the mitochondrion of eukaryotic...
John F.; Martin, William (2010-03-26). "How did LUCA make a living? Chemiosmosis in the origin of life". BioEssays. 32 (4): 271–280. doi:10.1002/bies...
mitochondrial membrane known as the proton-motive force. As a result, chemiosmosis occurs, and the enzyme ATP synthase produces ATP from ADP and a phosphate...
protein associated with proton pumping.[citation needed] Active transport Chemiosmosis Cytochrome Protonophore Proton-pump inhibitor Uncoupler 2,4-Dinitrophenol...
concentration gradient that can be used to power ATP synthase during chemiosmosis. This pathway is known as cyclic photophosphorylation, and it produces...
which releases energy. The yellow circles produce more energy through chemiosmosis than what is required to move the green circles so the movement is coupled...
mechanism for oxidative phosphorylation, stating that ATP synthesis requires chemiosmosis to function. The proton gradient across the inner membrane of the mitochondria...
John F.; Martin, William (2010-01-27). "How did LUCA make a living? Chemiosmosis in the origin of life". BioEssays. 32 (4): 271–280. doi:10.1002/bies...
process[citation needed] and is harnessed (the whole process is termed chemiosmosis) to pump protons across the membrane, into the thylakoid lumen space...
synthesize ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi). This process is called chemiosmosis, and was first described by Peter Mitchell, who was awarded the 1978...
concentration gradient) through the ATP synthase complex; this is known as chemiosmosis. In endotherms, body heat is maintained by signaling the mitochondria...
and chloroplasts of eukaryotes facilitate the synthesis of ATP through chemiosmosis. The apical membrane or luminal membrane of a polarized cell is the surface...
stroma of a chloroplast. A steep H+ gradient is formed, which allows chemiosmosis to occur, where the thylakoid, transmembrane ATP-synthase serves a dual...
duplicating all its contents followed by cellular division. The cell used chemiosmosis to produce energy. It also reduced CO2 and oxidized H2 (methanogenesis...
John F.; Martin, William (2010-01-27). "How did LUCA make a living? Chemiosmosis in the origin of life". BioEssays. 32 (4): 271–280. doi:10.1002/bies...
electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane, used to generate ATP through chemiosmosis. In contrast, plants and algae use water as their reducing agent. As...
generate a proton gradient that allows ATP synthase to synthesize ATP (chemiosmosis). Heme groups are part of hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells...
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