Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Chemical compound
Succinic acid (/səkˈsɪnɪk/) is a dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula (CH2)2(CO2H)2.[5] In living organisms, succinic acid takes the form of an anion, succinate, which has multiple biological roles as a metabolic intermediate being converted into fumarate by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase in complex 2 of the electron transport chain which is involved in making ATP, and as a signaling molecule reflecting the cellular metabolic state.[6]
Succinate is generated in mitochondria via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Succinate can exit the mitochondrial matrix and function in the cytoplasm as well as the extracellular space, changing gene expression patterns, modulating epigenetic landscape or demonstrating hormone-like signaling.[6] As such, succinate links cellular metabolism, especially ATP formation, to the regulation of cellular function.
Dysregulation of succinate synthesis, and therefore ATP synthesis, happens in some genetic mitochondrial diseases, such as Leigh syndrome, and Melas syndrome, and degradation can lead to pathological conditions, such as malignant transformation, inflammation and tissue injury.[6][7][8]
Succinic acid is marketed as food additive E363. The name derives from Latin succinum, meaning amber.
^ ab"CHAPTER P-6. Applications to Specific Classes of Compounds". Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry : IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 (Blue Book). Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. 2014. p. 747. doi:10.1039/9781849733069-00648. ISBN 978-0-85404-182-4.
^ abcdeRecord in the GESTIS Substance Database of the Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
^ abcdef"Product Information Sheet: Succinic Acid" (PDF). Sigma Aldrich. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
^Chikhalia, V.; Forbes, R.T.; Storey, R.A.; Ticehurst, M. (January 2006). "The effect of crystal morphology and mill type on milling induced crystal disorder". European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 27 (1): 19–26. doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2005.08.013. ISSN 0928-0987. PMID 16246535.
^Cite error: The named reference Toxnet was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abcCite error: The named reference Tretter2016rev was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Mills, Evanna; O'Neill, Luke A.J. (May 2014). "Succinate: a metabolic signal in inflammation". Trends in Cell Biology. 24 (5): 313–320. doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2013.11.008. hdl:2262/67833. PMID 24361092.
^Cite error: The named reference Chouchani was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
Succinicacid (/səkˈsɪnɪk/) is a dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula (CH2)2(CO2H)2. In living organisms, succinicacid takes the form of an anion...
Succinic anhydride, is an organic compound with the molecular formula (CH2CO)2O. This colorless solid is the acid anhydride of succinicacid. In the laboratory...
components. A total of 26 minor acids (from 2 in pecan to 8% in peanut) were determined: 8 species derived from succinicacid, likely in relation with photosynthesis...
Tartaric acid, an alpha-hydroxy-carboxylic acid, is diprotic and aldaric in acid characteristics and is a dihydroxyl derivative of succinicacid. Tartaric...
SSADH works with the enzyme GABA transaminase to convert GABA to succinicacid. Succinicacid can then be utilized for energy production via the Krebs cycle...
Microbial production of Succinicacid can be performed with wild bacteria like Actinobacillus succinogenes, Mannheimia succiniciproducens and Anaerobiospirillum...
integrated production and downstream applications of bio-based succinicacid. Succinicacid is a platform chemical that is an important starting material...
oxidation of benzene or butane. Fumaric acid was first prepared from succinicacid. A traditional synthesis involves oxidation of furfural (from the processing...
by mammals, daminozide is catabolised into two chemical components, succinicacid (a non-toxic general intermediate in primary metabolism[citation needed])...
They have a communic acid base, and they also include much succinicacid. Baltic amber yields on dry distillation succinicacid, the proportion varying...
further oxidised to become succinicacid, which enters TCA cycle. SSA is oxidized into succinicacid by the enzyme succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase...
rumen in 2008. Its ability to produce relatively large quantities of succinicacid through fermentation in biomass hydrolysates is potentially important...
peptides and plastics, which is useful in a variety of assay techniques. Succinic anhydride N-Hydroxysuccinimide N-Bromosuccinimide International Union of...
Glutaric acid is the organic compound with the formula C3H6(COOH)2. Although the related "linear" dicarboxylic acids adipic and succinicacids are water-soluble...
Malonic acid (IUPAC systematic name: propanedioic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid with structure CH2(COOH)2. The ionized form of malonic acid, as well as...
the reaction between succinicacid and ethylene glycol to form what he named "succino-ethylenic acid". He noticed that this acid was losing water when...
"Acrylic acid_msds". Dippy, J. F. J.; Hughes, S. R. C.; Rozanski, A. (1959). "The dissociation constants of some symmetrically disubstituted succinicacids"....
Fluoroacetic acid Dippy, J. F. J.; Hughes, S. R. C.; Rozanski, A. (1959). "498. The dissociation constants of some symmetrically disubstituted succinicacids". Journal...
strength see acid dissociation constant. This includes acids such as the dibasic acidsuccinicacid, for which the simple method of calculating the pH of...
end-products during cell growth and the formation of by-products (acetic acid and succinicacid). One approach to improve productivity and yield during fermentation...
and succinicacids can play significant roles. Most of the acids involved with wine are fixed acids with the notable exception of acetic acid, mostly...
converts MA to succinicacid; thus succinic is an alternative feedstock. JM Davy has adjusted its process and tested BioAmber's bio-succinicacid so it can...
glucono-delta-lactone, hydrochloric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, phosphoric acid, succinicacid, and tartaric acid. Soured milk is commonly made at home or...
dicarboxylic acids, and their names reflect the parent acid. Examples are succinimide, derived from succinicacid, and phthalimide, derived from phthalic acid. For...
reaction of an aldehyde or ketone with an ester of succinicacid to generate alkylidene succinicacid or related derivatives. The reaction consumes one...
Malic acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula HO2CCH(OH)CH2CO2H. It is a dicarboxylic acid that is made by all living organisms, contributes...
Carboxylic acids are organic acids characterized by a carboxyl (-COOH) functional group. The naming of these compounds is governed by IUPAC nomenclature...
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