Global InformationMitochondrion information
A mitochondrion (/ˌmaɪtəˈkɒndriən/;[1] pl.: mitochondria) is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes, such as animals, plants and fungi. Mitochondria have a double membrane structure and use aerobic respiration to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used throughout the cell as a source of chemical energy.[2] They were discovered by Albert von Kölliker in 1857[3] in the voluntary muscles of insects. The term mitochondrion was coined by Carl Benda in 1898. The mitochondrion is popularly nicknamed the "powerhouse of the cell", a phrase coined by Philip Siekevitz in a 1957 article of the same name.[4]
Some cells in some multicellular organisms lack mitochondria (for example, mature mammalian red blood cells). The multicellular animal Henneguya salminicola is known to have retained mitochondrion-related organelles in association with a complete loss of their mitochondrial genome.[5][6][7] A large number of unicellular organisms, such as microsporidia, parabasalids and diplomonads, have reduced or transformed their mitochondria into other structures,[8] e.g. hydrogenosomes and mitosomes.[9] The oxymonads Monocercomonoides, Streblomastix, and Blattamonas have completely lost their mitochondria.[5][10]
Mitochondria are commonly between 0.75 and 3 μm2 in cross section,[11] but vary considerably in size and structure. Unless specifically stained, they are not visible. In addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in other tasks, such as signaling, cellular differentiation, and cell death, as well as maintaining control of the cell cycle and cell growth.[12] Mitochondrial biogenesis is in turn temporally coordinated with these cellular processes.[13][14] Mitochondria have been implicated in several human disorders and conditions, such as mitochondrial diseases,[15] cardiac dysfunction,[16] heart failure[17] and autism.[18]
The number of mitochondria in a cell can vary widely by organism, tissue, and cell type. A mature red blood cell has no mitochondria,[19] whereas a liver cell can have more than 2000.[20][21] The mitochondrion is composed of compartments that carry out specialized functions. These compartments or regions include the outer membrane, intermembrane space, inner membrane, cristae, and matrix.
Although most of a eukaryotic cell's DNA is contained in the cell nucleus, the mitochondrion has its own genome ("mitogenome") that is substantially similar to bacterial genomes.[22] This finding has led to general acceptance of the endosymbiotic hypothesis - that free-living prokaryotic ancestors of modern mitochondria permanently fused with eukaryotic cells in the distant past, evolving such that modern animals, plants, fungi, and other eukaryotes are able to respire to generate cellular energy.[23]
- ^ "mitochondrion". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on January 2, 2020.
- ^ Campbell NA, Williamson B, Heyden RJ (2006). Biology: Exploring Life. Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson/Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0132508827. Archived from the original on November 2, 2014. Retrieved January 6, 2009.
- ^ "Mighty Mitochondria and Neurodegenerative Diseases". Science in the News. February 1, 2012. Archived from the original on April 6, 2022. Retrieved April 24, 2022.
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CB1was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Le Page M. "Animal that doesn't need oxygen to survive discovered New Scientist". New Scientist. Archived from the original on February 26, 2020. Retrieved February 25, 2020.
- ^ Yahalomi D, Atkinson SD, Neuhof M, Chang ES, Philippe H, Cartwright P, et al. (March 2020). "A cnidarian parasite of salmon (Myxozoa: Henneguya) lacks a mitochondrial genome". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 117 (10): 5358–5363. Bibcode:2020PNAS..117.5358Y. doi:10.1073/pnas.1909907117. PMC 7071853. PMID 32094163.
- ^ Henze K, Martin W (November 2003). "Evolutionary biology: essence of mitochondria". Nature. 426 (6963): 127–128. Bibcode:2003Natur.426..127H. doi:10.1038/426127a. PMID 14614484. S2CID 862398.
- ^ Leger, Michelle M.; Kolisko, Martin; Kamikawa, Ryoma; Stairs, Courtney W.; Kume, Keitaro; Čepička, Ivan; Silberman, Jeffrey D.; Andersson, Jan O.; Xu, Feifei; Yabuki, Akinori; Eme, Laura; Zhang, Qianqian; Takishita, Kiyotaka; Inagaki, Yuji; Simpson, Alastair G. B. (March 13, 2017). "Organelles that illuminate the origins of Trichomonas hydrogenosomes and Giardia mitosomes". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 1 (4): 0092. Bibcode:2017NatEE...1...92L. doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0092. ISSN 2397-334X. PMC 5411260. PMID 28474007.
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:1was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Wiemerslage L, Lee D (March 2016). "Quantification of mitochondrial morphology in neurites of dopaminergic neurons using multiple parameters". Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 262: 56–65. doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2016.01.008. PMC 4775301. PMID 26777473.
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McBrideNeuspiel2006was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Valero T (2014). "Mitochondrial biogenesis: pharmacological approaches". Current Pharmaceutical Design. 20 (35): 5507–5509. doi:10.2174/138161282035140911142118. hdl:10454/13341. PMID 24606795.
Mitochondrial biogenesis is therefore defined as the process via which cells increase their individual mitochondrial mass [3]. ... Mitochondrial biogenesis occurs by growth and division of pre-existing organelles and is temporally coordinated with cell cycle events [1].
- ^ Sanchis-Gomar F, García-Giménez JL, Gómez-Cabrera MC, Pallardó FV (2014). "Mitochondrial biogenesis in health and disease. Molecular and therapeutic approaches". Current Pharmaceutical Design. 20 (35): 5619–5633. doi:10.2174/1381612820666140306095106. PMID 24606801.
Mitochondrial biogenesis (MB) is the essential mechanism by which cells control the number of mitochondria
- ^ Gardner A, Boles RG (2005). "Is a 'Mitochondrial Psychiatry' in the Future? A Review". Curr. Psychiatry Rev. 1 (3): 255–271. doi:10.2174/157340005774575064.
- ^ Lesnefsky EJ, Moghaddas S, Tandler B, Kerner J, Hoppel CL (June 2001). "Mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiac disease: ischemia – reperfusion, aging, and heart failure". Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology. 33 (6): 1065–1089. doi:10.1006/jmcc.2001.1378. PMID 11444914.
- ^ Dorn GW, Vega RB, Kelly DP (October 2015). "Mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics in the developing and diseased heart". Genes & Development. 29 (19): 1981–1991. doi:10.1101/gad.269894.115. PMC 4604339. PMID 26443844.
- ^ Griffiths KK, Levy RJ (2017). "Evidence of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Autism: Biochemical Links, Genetic-Based Associations, and Non-Energy-Related Mechanisms". Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2017: 4314025. doi:10.1155/2017/4314025. PMC 5467355. PMID 28630658.
- ^ Ney PA (May 2011). "Normal and disordered reticulocyte maturation". Current Opinion in Hematology. 18 (3): 152–157. doi:10.1097/MOH.0b013e328345213e. PMC 3157046. PMID 21423015.
- ^ Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2005). Molecular Biology of the Cell. New York: Garland Publishing Inc. ISBN 978-0815341055.
- ^ Voet D, Voet JC, Pratt CW (2006). Fundamentals of Biochemistry (2nd ed.). John Wiley and Sons, Inc. pp. 547, 556. ISBN 978-0471214953.
- ^ Andersson SG, Karlberg O, Canbäck B, Kurland CG (January 2003). "On the origin of mitochondria: a genomics perspective". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 358 (1429): 165–77, discussion 177–9. doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1193. PMC 1693097. PMID 12594925.
- ^ Gabaldón T (October 2021). "Origin and Early Evolution of the Eukaryotic Cell". Annual Review of Microbiology. 75 (1): 631–647. doi:10.1146/annurev-micro-090817-062213. PMID 34343017. S2CID 236916203.