Molecular model of ATP synthase determined by X-ray crystallography. Stator is not shown here.
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7.1.2.2
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9000-83-3
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ATP synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the energy storage molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) using adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi). ATP synthase is a molecular machine. The overall reaction catalyzed by ATP synthase is:
ADP + Pi + 2H+out ⇌ ATP + H2O + 2H+in
ATP synthase lies across a cellular membrane and forms an aperture that protons can cross from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration, imparting energy for the synthesis of ATP. This electrochemical gradient is generated by the electron transport chain and allows cells to store energy in ATP for later use. In prokaryotic cells ATP synthase lies across the plasma membrane, while in eukaryotic cells it lies across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Organisms capable of photosynthesis also have ATP synthase across the thylakoid membrane, which in plants is located in the chloroplast and in cyanobacteria is located in the cytoplasm.
Eukaryotic ATP synthases are F-ATPases, running "in reverse" for an ATPase. This article deals mainly with this type. An F-ATPase consists of two main subunits, FO and F1, which has a rotational motor mechanism allowing for ATP production.[1][2]
^Okuno D, Iino R, Noji H (June 2011). "Rotation and structure of FoF1-ATP synthase". Journal of Biochemistry. 149 (6): 655–664. doi:10.1093/jb/mvr049. PMID 21524994.
^Junge W, Nelson N (June 2015). "ATP synthase". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 84: 631–657. doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-060614-034124. PMID 25839341.
(Pi). ATPsynthase is a molecular machine. The overall reaction catalyzed by ATPsynthase is: ADP + Pi + 2H+out ⇌ ATP + H2O + 2H+in ATPsynthase lies across...
energy gradient, through a large enzyme called ATPsynthase in a process called chemiosmosis. The ATPsynthase uses the energy to transform adenosine diphosphate...
Cytochrome b6f complex ATPsynthase Photosystem II is located mostly in the grana thylakoids, whereas photosystem I and ATPsynthase are mostly located in...
F0F1-ATPSynthase) is a charge-transferring complex that catalyzes ATP to perform ATP synthesis by moving ions through the membrane. The coupling of ATP hydrolysis...
electrochemical gradient that drives the synthesis of ATP via coupling with oxidative phosphorylation with ATPsynthase. In eukaryotic organisms, the electron transport...
make ATP. This process is related to osmosis, the movement of water across a selective membrane, which is why it is called "chemiosmosis". ATPsynthase is...
electron transport chain and result in the generation of additional ATP by ATPsynthase. The pyruvate generated as an end-product of glycolysis is a substrate...
potential that the ATPsynthase of mitochondria then uses to synthesize ATP.[citation needed] Proton pumps driven by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (also referred...
mitochondrion requires oxygen. Cristae are studded with proteins, including ATPsynthase and a variety of cytochromes. With the discovery of the dual-membrane...
is then used to synthesize ATP by coupling the reaction of inorganic phosphate to ADP in the active site of the ATPsynthase enzyme; the equation for this...
through the protein ATPsynthase. The energy is used in order to rotate ATPsynthase which facilitates the passage of a proton, producing ATP. A pH difference...
potential is then used to drive ATPsynthase and produce ATP from ADP and a phosphate group. Biology textbooks often state that 38 ATP molecules can be made per...
of the cell involves the synthesis of ATP by an enzyme called ATPsynthase. In aerobic respiration, ATPsynthase is coupled with an electron transport...
NADPH. Both the structure of ATPsynthase and its underlying gene are remarkably similar in all known forms of life. ATPsynthase is powered by a transmembrane...
base of an enzyme called ATPsynthase. The flow of protons makes the stalk subunit rotate, causing the active site of the synthase domain to change shape...
Gamma subunit of ATPsynthase F1 complex forms the central shaft that connects the Fo rotary motor to the F1 catalytic core. F-ATPsynthases (also known as...
that perform the electron transport chain redox reactions ATPsynthase, which generates ATP in the matrix Specific transport proteins that regulate metabolite...
complex is the main transmembrane subunit of V-type, A-type and F-type ATPsynthases. Subunit C (also called subunit 9, or proteolipid in F-ATPases, or...
membrane through ATPsynthase. Using their kinetic energy to escape, the protons will spin the ATPsynthase which in turn will create ATP. This happens in...
both cellular respiration and photosynthesis by ATPsynthase. ATPsynthase couples the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate with an electrochemical...
gene. This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATPsynthase. Mitochondrial ATPsynthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, using an electrochemical gradient of...
by a subscript. For example, ATPsynthase has a type of subunit called α. Three of these are present in the ATPsynthase molecule, leading to the designation...
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