Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a disorder that results in involuntary repetitive body movements, which may include grimacing, sticking out the tongue or smacking the lips.[1] Additionally, there may be chorea or slow writhing movements.[1] In about 20% of people with TD, the disorder interferes with daily functioning.[3] If TD is present in the setting of a long-term drug therapy, reversibility can be determined primarily by severity of symptoms and how long symptoms have been present before the long-term drug has been stopped.
Tardive dyskinesia occurs in some people as a result of long-term use of dopamine-receptor-blocking medications such as antipsychotics and metoclopramide.[1][2] These medications are usually used for mental illness but may also be given for gastrointestinal or neurological problems.[1] The condition typically develops only after months to years of use.[1][3] The diagnosis is based on the symptoms after ruling out other potential causes.[1]
Efforts to prevent the condition include either using the lowest possible dose or discontinuing use of neuroleptics.[3] Treatment includes stopping the neuroleptic medication if possible or switching to clozapine.[1] Other medications such as valbenazine, tetrabenazine, or botulinum toxin may be used to lessen the symptoms.[1][4] With treatment, some see a resolution of symptoms, while others do not.[1]
Rates in those on atypical antipsychotics are about 20%, while those on typical antipsychotics have rates of about 30%.[5] The risk of acquiring the condition is greater in older people,[3] for women, as well as patients with mood disorders and/or medical diagnoses receiving antipsychotic medications.[6] The term "tardive dyskinesia" first came into use in 1964.[3]
^ abcdefghijklmnop"Tardive dyskinesia". rarediseases.info.nih.gov. 1 June 2017. Archived from the original on 18 June 2017. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
^ abc"Tardive Dyskinesia". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). 2015. Archived from the original on 28 August 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
^ ab"Tardive Dyskinesia Information Page". National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Archived from the original on 2017-07-04.
^ abCarbon, M; Hsieh, CH; Kane, JM; Correll, CU (March 2017). "Tardive Dyskinesia Prevalence in the Period of Second-Generation Antipsychotic Use: A Meta-Analysis". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 78 (3): e264–e278. doi:10.4088/jcp.16r10832. PMID 28146614. S2CID 3773500.
^Lynn, D. Joanne, Newton, Herbert B. and Rae-Grant, Alexander D. eds. 5-Minute Neurology Consult, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2012 [ISBN missing][page needed]
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