Antipsychotics, previously known as neuroleptics[1] and major tranquilizers,[2] are a class of psychotropic medication primarily used to manage psychosis (including delusions, hallucinations, paranoia or disordered thought), principally in schizophrenia but also in a range of other psychotic disorders.[3][4] They are also the mainstay, together with mood stabilizers, in the treatment of bipolar disorder.[5] Moreover, they are also used as adjuncts in the treatment of treatment-resistant major depressive disorder.
While some research has shown that use of any antipsychotic is associated with smaller brain tissue volumes,[6][7] including white matter reduction[8] and that this reduction is dose dependent and time dependent,[6][7] schizophrenia is itself a neurodegenerative disorder associated with reduced brain tissue volumes.[9] A more recent controlled trial suggests that second generation antipsychotics[10] combined with intensive psychosocial therapy[11] may potentially prevent pallidal brain volume loss in first episode psychosis.[12][8]
The use of antipsychotics may result in many unwanted side effects such as involuntary movement disorders, gynecomastia, impotence, weight gain and metabolic syndrome. Long-term use can produce adverse effects such as tardive dyskinesia, tardive dystonia, and tardive akathisia.
Prevention of these adverse effects is possible through concomitant medication strategies including use of beta-blockers. Currently, treatments for tardive syndromes include VMAT2 inhibitors.
First-generation antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine), known as typical antipsychotics, were first introduced in the 1950s, and others were developed until the early 1970s.[13] Second-generation antipsychotics, known as atypical antipsychotics, arrived with the introduction of clozapine in the early 1970s followed by others (e.g., risperidone).[14] Both generations of medication block receptors in the brain for dopamine, but atypicals block serotonin receptors as well. Third-generation antipsychotics were introduced in the 2000s and offer partial agonism, rather than blockade, of dopamine receptors.[15]Neuroleptic, originating from Greek: νεῦρον (neuron) and λαμβάνω (take hold of)—thus meaning "which takes the nerve"—refers to both common neurological effects and side effects.[16]
^ abFinkel R, Clark MA, Cubeddu LX (2009). Pharmacology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-7817-7155-9. Archived from the original on 1 April 2017.
^Burnett GB (1975). "The assessment of thiothixene in chronic schizophrenia. A double-blind controlled trial". Dis Nerv Syst. 36 (11): 625–9. PMID 1102277.
^Bartoli F, Cavaleri D, Callovini T, Riboldi I, Crocamo C, D'Agostino A, Martinotti G, Bertolini F, Ostuzzi G, Barbui C, Carrà G (March 2022). "Comparing 1-year effectiveness and acceptability of once-monthly paliperidone palmitate and aripiprazole monohydrate for schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Findings from the STAR Network Depot Study". Psychiatry Research. 309: 114405. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114405. PMID 35093701. S2CID 246054926.
^Lally J, MacCabe JH (June 2015). "Antipsychotic medication in schizophrenia: a review". British Medical Bulletin. 114 (1): 169–79. doi:10.1093/bmb/ldv017. PMID 25957394. Antipsychotic medications are mainstays in the treatment of schizophrenia and a range of other psychotic disorders.
^Grande I, Berk M, Birmaher B, Vieta E (April 2016). "Bipolar disorder". Lancet. 387 (10027): 1561–1572. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00241-X. PMID 26388529. S2CID 205976059.
^ abHo BC, Andreasen NC, Ziebell S, Pierson R, Magnotta V (February 2011). "Long-term antipsychotic treatment and brain volumes: a longitudinal study of first-episode schizophrenia". Archives of General Psychiatry. 68 (2): 128–137. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.199. PMC 3476840. PMID 21300943.
^ abMoncrieff J, Leo J (September 2010). "A systematic review of the effects of antipsychotic drugs on brain volume". Psychological Medicine. 40 (9): 1409–1422. doi:10.1017/S0033291709992297. PMID 20085668. S2CID 23522488.
^ abChopra S, Fornito A, Francey SM, O'Donoghue B, Cropley V, Nelson B, et al. (July 2021). "Differentiating the effect of antipsychotic medication and illness on brain volume reductions in first-episode psychosis: A Longitudinal, Randomised, Triple-blind, Placebo-controlled MRI Study". Neuropsychopharmacology. 46 (8): 1494–1501. doi:10.1038/s41386-021-00980-0. PMC 8209146. PMID 33637835.
^Lawrie SM, Abukmeil SS (1998). "Brain abnormality in schizophrenia". British Journal of Psychiatry. 172 (2): 110–120. doi:10.1192/bjp.172.2.110. ISSN 0007-1250. PMID 9519062. S2CID 23604963.
^please see Chopra et al 2021: Strengths and limitations "only examined risperidone and paliperidone"
^please see Chopra et al 2021: Method Study design
^please see Chopra et al 2021: Introduction, 3rd paragraph, Lieberman JA, et al. 2005 & Shao Y et al 2015, and Chopra et al: Are antipsychotics neuroprotective? 1st paragraph last sentence
^Shen WW (December 1999). "A history of antipsychotic drug development". Comprehensive Psychiatry. 40 (6): 407–14. doi:10.1016/s0010-440x(99)90082-2. PMID 10579370.
^Aringhieri S, Carli M, Kolachalam S, Verdesca V, Cini E, Rossi M, et al. (December 2018). "Molecular targets of atypical antipsychotics: From mechanism of action to clinical differences". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 192: 20–41. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.06.012. PMID 29953902. S2CID 49602956.
^Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference king was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
Antipsychotics, previously known as neuroleptics and major tranquilizers, are a class of psychotropic medication primarily used to manage psychosis (including...
antipsychotics (AAP), also known as second generation antipsychotics (SGAs) and serotonin–dopamine antagonists (SDAs), are a group of antipsychotic drugs...
Following is a list of antipsychotics, sorted by class. Bromperidol decanoate Clopenthixol decanoate Flupentixol decanoate Flupentixol palmitate Fluphenazine...
Typical antipsychotics (also known as major tranquilizers, and first generation antipsychotics) are a class of antipsychotic drugs first developed in the...
Antipsychotic switching refers to the process of switching out one antipsychotic for another antipsychotic. There are multiple indications for switching...
the brand names Abilify and Aristada, among others, is an atypical antipsychotic. It is primarily used in the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar...
Olanzapine, sold under the brand name Zyprexa among others, is an atypical antipsychotic primarily used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. For schizophrenia...
marketed under the brand names Thorazine and Largactil among others, is an antipsychotic medication. It is primarily used to treat psychotic disorders such as...
of long-term use of dopamine-receptor-blocking medications such as antipsychotics and metoclopramide. These medications are usually used for mental illness...
This is a list of investigational antipsychotics, or antipsychotics that are currently under development for clinical use but are not yet approved. Chemical/generic...
in patients treated with antipsychotic medication». Antipsychotic medication, particularly the first generation antipsychotics, are a leading cause. Other...
psychiatric medication and is the first atypical antipsychotic (also called second-generation antipsychotic) to be discovered. It is primarily used to treat...
Quetiapine, sold under the brand name Seroquel among others, is an atypical antipsychotic medication used for the treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder...
Risperidone, sold under the brand name Risperdal among others, is an atypical antipsychotic used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. It is taken either...
J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Abilify (aripiprazole) – atypical antipsychotic used to treat schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and irritability associated...
a rare but life-threatening reaction that can occur in response to antipsychotic (neuroleptic) medications. Symptoms include high fever, confusion, rigid...
clinical trials of antipsychotics; of the 213 (14.6%) subjects that dropped out of one of the largest clinical trials of antipsychotics (the CATIE trial...
of action of antipsychotic drugs, several groups, including those of Solomon Snyder and Philip Seeman used a radiolabeled antipsychotic drug to identify...
was an American patient who sued a hospital for her right to refuse antipsychotic medication. The court decision significantly changed the approach to...
Haloperidol, sold under the brand name Haldol among others, is a typical antipsychotic medication. Haloperidol is used in the treatment of schizophrenia, tics...
Loxitane and Adasuve (inhalation only) among others, is a tricyclic antipsychotic medication used primarily in the treatment of schizophrenia. The medicine...
This is a general list of long-term side effects associated with Antipsychotic (neuroleptic) medication. Many patients will not develop these side effects...
Perphenazine is a typical antipsychotic drug. Chemically, it is classified as a piperazinyl phenothiazine. Originally marketed in the United States as...
Chlorpromazine (low-potency typical antipsychotic, also used as an antiemetic) Chlorprothixene (low-potency typical antipsychotic, trade name: Truxal) Chloropyramine...
treatment for schizophrenia is an antipsychotic. The first-generation antipsychotics, now called typical antipsychotics like Flupentixol, are dopamine antagonists...
pregnancy and breastfeeding is generally not recommended. It is a typical antipsychotic which is believed to work by reducing the action of dopamine in the...
brand names Vraylar, Reagila and Symvenu among others, is an atypical antipsychotic developed by Gedeon Richter, which is used in the treatment of schizophrenia...
Ziprasidone, sold under the brand name Geodon among others, is an atypical antipsychotic used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. It may be used by...
Chlorprothixene, sold under the brand name Truxal among others, is a typical antipsychotic of the thioxanthene group. Chlorprothixene's principal indications are...
of drug which blocks dopamine receptors by receptor antagonism. Most antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists, and as such they have found use in treating...
Global Information