Reactions leading to generation of Nitric Oxide and Reactive Nitrogen Species. From Novo and Parola, 2008.[1]
Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are a family of antimicrobial molecules derived from nitric oxide (•NO) and superoxide (O2•−) produced via the enzymatic activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) and NADPH oxidase respectively. NOS2 is expressed primarily in macrophages after induction by cytokines and microbial products, notably interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS).[2]
Reactive nitrogen species act together with reactive oxygen species (ROS) to damage cells, causing nitrosative stress. Therefore, these two species are often collectively referred to as ROS/RNS.
Reactive nitrogen species are also continuously produced in plants as by-products of aerobic metabolism or in response to stress.[3]
^Novo E, Parola M (2008). "Redox mechanisms in hepatic chronic wound healing and fibrogenesis". Fibrogenesis & Tissue Repair. 1 (1): 5. doi:10.1186/1755-1536-1-5. PMC 2584013. PMID 19014652.
^Iovine NM, Pursnani S, Voldman A, Wasserman G, Blaser MJ, Weinrauch Y (March 2008). "Reactive nitrogen species contribute to innate host defense against Campylobacter jejuni". Infection and Immunity. 76 (3): 986–93. doi:10.1128/IAI.01063-07. PMC 2258852. PMID 18174337.
^Pauly N, Pucciariello C, Mandon K, Innocenti G, Jamet A, Baudouin E, Hérouart D, Frendo P, Puppo A (2006). "Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and glutathione: key players in the legume-Rhizobium symbiosis". Journal of Experimental Botany. 57 (8): 1769–76. doi:10.1093/jxb/erj184. PMID 16698817.
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