Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Infobox references
Chemical compound
Melatonin, an indoleamine, is a natural compound produced by various organisms, including bacteria and eukaryotes.[1] Its discovery in 1958 by Aaron B. Lerner and colleagues stemmed from the isolation of a substance from the pineal gland of cows that could induce skin lightening in common frogs. This compound was later identified as a hormone secreted in the brain during the night, playing a crucial role in regulating the sleep-wake cycle, also known as the circadian rhythm, in vertebrates.[2][3]
In vertebrates, melatonin's functions extend to synchronizing sleep-wake cycles, encompassing sleep-wake timing and blood pressure regulation, as well as controlling seasonal rhythmicity (circannual cycle), which includes reproduction, fattening, molting, and hibernation.[4] Its effects are mediated through the activation of melatonin receptors and its role as an antioxidant.[5][6][7] In plants and bacteria, melatonin primarily serves as a defense mechanism against oxidative stress, indicating its evolutionary significance.[8] The mitochondria, key organelles within cells, are the main producers of antioxidant melatonin,[9] underscoring the molecule's "ancient origins" and its fundamental role in protecting the earliest cells from reactive oxygen species.[10][11]
In addition to its endogenous functions as a hormone and antioxidant, melatonin is also administered exogenously as a dietary supplement and medication. It is utilized in the treatment of sleep disorders, including insomnia and various circadian rhythm sleep disorders.
^Amaral FG, Cipolla-Neto J (2018). "A brief review about melatonin, a pineal hormone". Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 62 (4): 472–479. doi:10.20945/2359-3997000000066. PMC 10118741. PMID 30304113. S2CID 52954755.
^Auld F, Maschauer EL, Morrison I, Skene DJ, Riha RL (August 2017). "Evidence for the efficacy of melatonin in the treatment of primary adult sleep disorders" (PDF). Sleep Medicine Reviews. 34: 10–22. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2016.06.005. hdl:20.500.11820/0e890bda-4b1d-4786-a907-a03b1580fd07. PMID 28648359.
^Faraone SV (2014). ADHD: Non-Pharmacologic Interventions, An Issue of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 888. ISBN 978-0-323-32602-5.
^Altun A, Ugur-Altun B (May 2007). "Melatonin: therapeutic and clinical utilization". International Journal of Clinical Practice. 61 (5): 835–45. doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2006.01191.x. PMID 17298593. S2CID 18050554.
^Boutin JA, Audinot V, Ferry G, Delagrange P (August 2005). "Molecular tools to study melatonin pathways and actions". Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 26 (8): 412–9. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2005.06.006. PMID 15992934.
^Hardeland R (July 2005). "Antioxidative protection by melatonin: multiplicity of mechanisms from radical detoxification to radical avoidance". Endocrine. 27 (2): 119–30. doi:10.1385/ENDO:27:2:119. PMID 16217125. S2CID 46984486.
^Reiter RJ, Acuña-Castroviejo D, Tan DX, Burkhardt S (June 2001). "Free radical-mediated molecular damage. Mechanisms for the protective actions of melatonin in the central nervous system". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 939 (1): 200–15. Bibcode:2001NYASA.939..200R. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03627.x. PMID 11462772. S2CID 20404509.
^Tan DX, Hardeland R, Manchester LC, Korkmaz A, Ma S, Rosales-Corral S, Reiter RJ (January 2012). "Functional roles of melatonin in plants, and perspectives in nutritional and agricultural science". Journal of Experimental Botany. 63 (2): 577–97. doi:10.1093/jxb/err256. PMID 22016420.
^Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Rosales-Corral S, Galano A, Zhou XJ, Xu B (2018). "Mitochondria: Central Organelles for Melatonin's Antioxidant and Anti-Aging Actions". Molecules. 23 (2): 509. doi:10.3390/molecules23020509. PMC 6017324. PMID 29495303.
^Manchester LC, Coto-Montes A, Boga JA, Andersen LP, Zhou Z, Galano A, Vriend J, Tan DX, Reiter RJ (2015). "Melatonin: an ancient molecule that makes oxygen metabolically tolerable". Journal of Pineal Research. 59 (4): 403–419. doi:10.1111/jpi.12267. PMID 26272235. S2CID 24373303.
^Zhao D, Yu Y, Shen Y, Liu Q, Zhao Z, Sharma R, Reiter RJ (2019). "Melatonin Synthesis and Function: Evolutionary History in Animals and Plants". Frontiers in Endocrinology. 10: 249. doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00249. PMC 6481276. PMID 31057485.
Melatonin, an indoleamine, is a natural compound produced by various organisms, including bacteria and eukaryotes. Its discovery in 1958 by Aaron B. Lerner...
Melatonin is a dietary supplement and medication as well as naturally occurring hormone. As a hormone, melatonin is released by the pineal gland and is...
Melatonin receptors are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) which bind melatonin. Three types of melatonin receptors have been cloned. The MT1 (or Mel1A...
brain of most vertebrates. In the darkness the pineal gland produces melatonin, a serotonin-derived hormone, which modulates sleep patterns following...
of melatonin in humans. J Physiol, 586:639–47. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2007.143180 Dubocovich, M. L., Benloucif, S., Masana, M. I. (1996). Melatonin receptors...
Melatonin receptor agonists are analogues of melatonin that bind to and activate the melatonin receptor. Agonists of the melatonin receptor have a number...
light exposure to the retina and skin, or a set dose and formulation of melatonin. These curves are often consulted in the therapeutic setting. Normally...
Ramelteon, sold under the brand name Rozerem among others, is a melatonin agonist medication which is used in the treatment of insomnia. It is indicated...
significantly differently between patients, and circadian rhythm disorders and melatonin related disorders are not well understood by modern medical science. The...
Melatonin Magik (stylized in all caps) is the ninth studio album by American rapper Canibus. The album contains guest appearances by Professor Griff of...
Melatonin receptor type 1A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MTNR1A gene. This gene encodes the MT1 protein, one of two high-affinity forms...
sleep. Falling outside the above-mentioned categories, the neurohormone melatonin and its analogues (such as ramelteon) serve a hypnotic function. Hypnotica...
properties due to its relatively high melatonin content. Studies on its effectiveness are limited, with melatonin levels lower than typical sleep-inducing...
Melatonin receptor 1B, also known as MTNR1B, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MTNR1B gene. This gene encodes the MT2 protein, one of two...
antidepressants. It acts by blocking certain serotonin receptors and activating melatonin receptors. Agomelatine was approved for medical use in Europe in 2009...
Tryptophan is also a precursor to the neurotransmitter serotonin, the hormone melatonin, and vitamin B3. It is encoded by the codon UGG. Like other amino acids...
primary function of the pinealocytes is the secretion of the hormone melatonin, important in the regulation of circadian rhythms. In humans, the suprachiasmatic...
throughout the rest of the patient's life. Melatonin is discharged by the pineal gland as a neurohormone. Melatonin is a central hormone in the treatment of...
(RIAA). In 2021, BoyWithUke released his first and second studio albums, Melatonin Dreams and Fever Dreams respectively. In late 2021, Yang signed a deal...
epithalamus. In response, the pineal secretes the hormone melatonin. Secretion of melatonin peaks at night and ebbs during the day and its presence provides...
of melatonin by all-night bright light. He then established a successful exogenous melatonin infusion protocol that replicated endogenous melatonin levels...
technology and performing in other Toronto bands. He recorded and released Melatonin independently in 2000 and Arousal Disasters on February 14, 2003 with...
long term use. Melatonin receptor agonists such as melatonin and ramelteon are used in the treatment of insomnia. The evidence for melatonin in treating...
Melatonin receptor 1C, also known as MTNR1C, is a protein that is encoded by the Mtnr1c gene. This receptor has been identified in fish, amphibia, and...
dopamine levels and a shift towards melatonin production as the body prepares for sleep. In individuals with dementia, melatonin production may be decreased,...
total sleep time by using melatonin has been shown in recent systematic reviews. Synthetic melatonin, also known as melatonin receptor agonist, is also...
secretion of melatonin in response to light information transmitted to the pineal gland. Earlier studies have shown localization of melatonin receptors in...
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