Highly reactive molecules formed from diatomic oxygen (O₂)
Lewis structure of some of the reactive oxygen species. A: hydroxyl radical (HO•); B: hydroxide ion (HO−); C: singlet oxygen (1O2); D: superoxide anion (O2•−); E: peroxide ion (O2−2); F: hydrogen peroxide (H2O2); G: nitric oxide (NO•)
In chemistry and biology, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive chemicals formed from diatomic oxygen (O2), water, and hydrogen peroxide. Some prominent ROS are hydroperoxide (O2H), superoxide (O2-),[1] hydroxyl radical (OH.), and singlet oxygen.[2] ROS are pervasive because they are readily produced from O2, which is abundant. ROS are important in many ways, both beneficial and otherwise. ROS function as signals, that turn on and off biological functions. They are intermediates in the redox behavior of O2, which is central to fuel cells. ROS are central to the photodegradation of organic pollutants in the atmosphere. Most often however, ROS are discussed in a biological context, ranging from their effects on aging and their role in causing dangerous genetic mutations.
^Hayyan M, Hashim MA, AlNashef IM (March 2016). "Superoxide Ion: Generation and Chemical Implications". Chemical Reviews. 116 (5): 3029–3085. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00407. PMID 26875845.
^Halliwell B, Adhikary A, Dingfelder M, Dizdaroglu M (August 2021). "Hydroxyl radical is a significant player in oxidative DNA damage in vivo". Chemical Society Reviews. 50 (15): 8355–8360. doi:10.1039/d1cs00044f. PMC 8328964. PMID 34128512.
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