Crystallographic structure (monomer) of bovine xanthine oxidase.[1] The bounded FAD (red), FeS-cluster (orange), the molybdopterin cofactor with molybdenum (yellow) and salicylate (blue) are indicated.
Identifiers
EC no.
1.17.3.2
CAS no.
9002-17-9
Databases
IntEnz
IntEnz view
BRENDA
BRENDA entry
ExPASy
NiceZyme view
KEGG
KEGG entry
MetaCyc
metabolic pathway
PRIAM
profile
PDB structures
RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum
Gene Ontology
AmiGO / QuickGO
Search
PMC
articles
PubMed
articles
NCBI
proteins
xanthine oxidase/dehydrogenase
Identifiers
Symbol
XDH
NCBI gene
7498
HGNC
12805
OMIM
607633
PDB
1FIQ
RefSeq
NM_000379
UniProt
P47989
Other data
EC number
1.17.3.2
Locus
Chr. 2 p23.1
Search for
Structures
Swiss-model
Domains
InterPro
Xanthine oxidase (XO, sometimes 'XAO') is a form of xanthine oxidoreductase, a type of enzyme that generates reactive oxygen species.[2] These enzymes catalyze the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and can further catalyze the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid. These enzymes play an important role in the catabolism of purines in some species, including humans.[3]
Xanthine oxidase is defined as an enzyme activity (EC 1.17.3.2).[4] The same protein, which in humans has the HGNC approved gene symbol XDH, can also have xanthine dehydrogenase activity (EC 1.17.1.4).[5] Most of the protein in the liver exists in a form with xanthine dehydrogenase activity, but it can be converted to xanthine oxidase by reversible sulfhydryl oxidation or by irreversible proteolytic modification.[6][7]
^PDB: 1FIQ; Enroth C, Eger BT, Okamoto K, Nishino T, Nishino T, Pai EF (September 2000). "Crystal structures of bovine milk xanthine dehydrogenase and xanthine oxidase: structure-based mechanism of conversion". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97 (20): 10723–8. Bibcode:2000PNAS...9710723E. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.20.10723. PMC 27090. PMID 11005854.
^Ardan T, Kovaceva J, Cejková J (February 2004). "Comparative histochemical and immunohistochemical study on xanthine oxidoreductase/xanthine oxidase in mammalian corneal epithelium". Acta Histochemica. 106 (1): 69–75. doi:10.1016/j.acthis.2003.08.001. PMID 15032331.
^Hille R, Hall J, Basu P (April 2014). "The Mononuclear Molybdenum Enzymes". Chemical Reviews. 114 (7): 3963–4038. doi:10.1021/cr400443z. PMC 4080432. PMID 24467397.
^"KEGG record for EC 1.17.3.2". Genome.jp. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
^"KEGG record for EC 1.17.1.4". Genome.jp. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
^"Entrez Gene: XDH xanthine dehydrogenase". Retrieved 23 December 2017.
^Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM): Xanthine dehydrogenase; XDH - 607633
Xanthineoxidase (XO, sometimes 'XAO') is a form of xanthine oxidoreductase, a type of enzyme that generates reactive oxygen species. These enzymes catalyze...
A xanthineoxidase inhibitor is any substance that inhibits the activity of xanthineoxidase, an enzyme involved in purine metabolism. In humans, inhibition...
subsequently converted to uric acid by the action of the xanthineoxidase enzyme. Xanthine is used as a drug precursor for human and animal medications...
dehydrogenase and rarely as an oxidase, despite its name.) Xanthine in turn is produced from other purines. Xanthineoxidase is a large enzyme whose active...
as xanthineoxidase deficiency, is a rare genetic disorder causing the accumulation of xanthine. It is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme xanthine oxidase...
function of xanthineoxidase in the purine degradation pathway. Xanthineoxidase will degrade hypoxanthine to xanthine and then to uric acid. Xanthine is not...
in harm, this use has not been well studied. Allopurinol is in the xanthineoxidase inhibitor family of medications. Allopurinol was approved for medical...
Xanthineoxidase inhibitors, including allopurinol, febuxostat and topiroxostat, decrease the production of uric acid, by interfering with xanthine oxidase...
Xanthine dehydrogenase can be converted to xanthineoxidase by reversible sulfhydryl oxidation or by irreversible proteolytic modification. Xanthine dehydrogenase...
create hypoxanthine Xanthineoxidase catalyzes the biotransformation of hypoxanthine to xanthineXanthineoxidase acts upon xanthine to create uric acid...
to xanthine and then to uric acid, and the reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme xanthineoxidase: Hypoxanthine Xanthineoxidase H2O, O2 H2O2 Xanthine Xanthine...
also includes DMSO reductase, xanthineoxidase, and nitrite reductase. In mammals, the expression levels of sulfite oxidase is high in the liver, kidney...
I and Complex III), as well as several other enzymes, for example xanthineoxidase, which can catalyze the transfer of electrons directly to molecular...
is not recommended during pregnancy or breastfeeding. It inhibits xanthineoxidase, thus reducing production of uric acid in the body. Febuxostat was...
GMP is split into the base guanine and ribose. Guanine is deaminated to xanthine which in turn is oxidized to uric acid. This last reaction is irreversible...
evidence has failed to substantiate, and in many cases has refuted, the xanthineoxidase/plasmalogen depletion hypothesis." Mercola.com has featured positive...
action of xanthineoxidase on xanthine. However, more frequently in purine degradation, xanthine is formed from oxidation of hypoxanthine by xanthine oxidoreductase...
suppression. Other purine analogues, such as allopurinol, inhibit xanthineoxidase, the enzyme that breaks down azathioprine, thus increasing the toxicity...
present in leaves of Piper betle. It is a more potent inhibitor of xanthineoxidase (IC50=16.7 μM) than allopurinol. It might be a useful new compound...
Shintani T, Iinuma M, Matsuda H (July 2009). "Hydroxychavicol: a potent xanthineoxidase inhibitor obtained from the leaves of betel, Piper betle". Journal...
Enzymes that contain the molybdopterin cofactor include xanthineoxidase, DMSO reductase, sulfite oxidase, and nitrate reductase. The only molybdenum-containing...
Benzbromarone is a uricosuric agent and non-competitive inhibitor of xanthineoxidase used in the treatment of gout, especially when allopurinol, a first-line...
are glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (triglyceride synthesis) and xanthineoxidase involved in purine nucleotide catabolism. Noncatalytic functions that...
of xanthine to uric acid, a process of purine catabolism, is catalyzed by xanthineoxidase, a molybdenum-containing enzyme. The activity of xanthine oxidase...
of the sex chromosomes is absent Xanthineoxidase, an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine Xylenol orange, a chemical indicator...
Oxipurinol (INN, or oxypurinol USAN) is an inhibitor of xanthineoxidase. It is an active metabolite of allopurinol and it is cleared renally. In cases...
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