Chemical reaction which adds a nitro (–NO₂) group onto a molecule
Not to be confused with Nitrification, Nitrosation, or Nitriding.
In organic chemistry, nitration is a general class of chemical processes for the introduction of a nitro group (−NO2) into an organic compound. The term also is applied incorrectly to the different process of forming nitrate esters (−ONO2) between alcohols and nitric acid (as occurs in the synthesis of nitroglycerin). The difference between the resulting molecular structures of nitro compounds and nitrates (NO−3) is that the nitrogen atom in nitro compounds is directly bonded to a non-oxygen atom (typically carbon or another nitrogen atom), whereas in nitrate esters (also called organic nitrates), the nitrogen is bonded to an oxygen atom that in turn usually is bonded to a carbon atom (nitrito group).
There are many major industrial applications of nitration in the strict sense; the most important by volume are for the production of nitroaromatic compounds such as nitrobenzene.
Nitration reactions are notably used for the production of explosives, for example the conversion of guanidine to nitroguanidine and the conversion of toluene to trinitrotoluene (TNT). However, they are of wide importance as chemical intermediates and precursors. Millions of tons of nitroaromatics are produced annually.[1]
^Gerald Booth (2007). "Nitro Compounds, Aromatic". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a17_411. ISBN 978-3527306732.
of nitration in the strict sense; the most important by volume are for the production of nitroaromatic compounds such as nitrobenzene. Nitration reactions...
Jersey) used for processing ammonium nitrate. The explosion touched off fires in surrounding buildings in the Nixon Nitration Works that contained other highly...
Nitrate is a polyatomic ion with the chemical formula NO− 3. Salts containing this ion are called nitrates. Nitrates are common components of fertilizers...
nitrate is a chemical compound with a sharp, salty, bitter taste and the chemical formula KNO 3. It is an ionic salt of potassium ions K+ and nitrate...
Silver nitrate is an inorganic compound with chemical formula AgNO 3. It is a versatile precursor to many other silver compounds, such as those used in...
is nitrated without sulfuric acid; however, when this solution is exposed to air, the PVA combusts. In this new method, either the PVA nitration is done...
"Nitryl fluoride as a nitrating agent". J. Chem. Soc.: 3512. doi:10.1039/JR9540003512. B. S. Fedorov and L. T. Eremenko (1997). "Nitration of alcohols by nitryl...
Aluminium nitrate is a white, water-soluble salt of aluminium and nitric acid, most commonly existing as the crystalline hydrate, aluminium nitrate nonahydrate...
Guanidine nitrate is the chemical compound with the formula [C(NH2)3]NO3. It is a colorless, water-soluble salt. It is produced on a large scale and finds...
Amyl nitrate is the chemical compound with the formula CH3(CH2)4ONO2. This molecule consists of the 5-carbon amyl group attached to a nitrate functional...
A nitrate test is a chemical test used to determine the presence of nitrate ion in solution. Testing for the presence of nitrate via wet chemistry is generally...
acid mixture was changed to two parts sulfuric acid to one part nitric. Nitration can be controlled by adjusting acid concentrations and reaction temperature...
addition to cerium and nitrate. Double nitrates of cerium also exist. Anhydrous cerous nitrate, also called cerium(III) nitrate, is the anhydrous salt...
Mercury nitrate can refer to: Mercury(I) nitrate, Hg2(NO3)2 Mercury(II) nitrate, Hg(NO3)2 This set index article lists chemical compounds articles associated...
The Menke nitration is the nitration of electron rich aromatic compounds with cupric nitrate and acetic anhydride. The reaction introduces the nitro group...
Sodium nitrate is the chemical compound with the formula NaNO 3. This alkali metal nitrate salt is also known as Chile saltpeter (large deposits of which...
Nitrate reductases are molybdoenzymes that reduce nitrate (NO− 3) to nitrite (NO− 2). This reaction is critical for the production of protein in most...
Butyl nitrate is a colorless oil. It is often confused with butyl nitrite, which is sometimes used as a recreational inhalant. Butyl nitrate is an explosive...
Carbonate nitrates are mixed anion compounds containing both carbonate and nitrate ions. Hydrotalcite can contain carbonate and nitrate ions between its...
less stable than nitrated amylose. The solubility, detonation velocity, and impact sensitivity depend heavily on the level of nitration. Nitrostarch is...
January 12, 1958) was a vice president of the Nixon Nitration Works during the 1924 Nixon Nitration Works disaster. He later became chairman of the board...
electrophilic aromatic nitration occurs ortho to the πAS rather than para. Similar results were also observed on the nitration of 3-methylbenzoic acid...
Urea nitrate is a fertilizer-based high explosive that has been used in improvised explosive devices in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, and various terrorist...
Acetyl nitrate is the organic compound with the formula CH3C(O)ONO2. It is classified as the mixed anhydride of nitric and acetic acids. It is a colorless...
methylamine nitrate and monomethylamine nitrate, not to be confused with methyl nitramine or monomethyl nitramine. Methylammonium nitrate was first used...
ISSN 2046-2069. registration required Schofield, Kenneth (1980). Aromatic Nitration. CUP Archive. p. 97. ISBN 9780521233620. Retrieved 17 October 2014....
Rubidium nitrate is an inorganic compound with the formula RbNO3. This alkali metal nitrate salt is white and highly soluble in water. Rubidium nitrate is a...
Global Information