Eukaryotic DNA replication is a conserved mechanism that restricts DNA replication to once per cell cycle. Eukaryotic DNA replication of chromosomal DNA is central for the duplication of a cell and is necessary for the maintenance of the eukaryotic genome.
DNA replication is the action of DNA polymerases synthesizing a DNA strand complementary to the original template strand. To synthesize DNA, the double-stranded DNA is unwound by DNA helicases ahead of polymerases, forming a replication fork containing two single-stranded templates. Replication processes permit copying a single DNA double helix into two DNA helices, which are divided into the daughter cells at mitosis. The major enzymatic functions carried out at the replication fork are well conserved from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, but the replication machinery in eukaryotic DNA replication is a much larger complex, coordinating many proteins at the site of replication, forming the replisome.[1]
The replisome is responsible for copying the entirety of genomic DNA in each proliferative cell. This process allows for the high-fidelity passage of hereditary/genetic information from parental cell to daughter cell and is thus essential to all organisms. Much of the cell cycle is built around ensuring that DNA replication occurs without errors.[1]
In G1 phase of the cell cycle, many of the DNA replication regulatory processes are initiated. In eukaryotes, the vast majority of DNA synthesis occurs during S phase of the cell cycle, and the entire genome must be unwound and duplicated to form two daughter copies. During G2, any damaged DNA or replication errors are corrected. Finally, one copy of the genomes is segregated into each daughter cell at the mitosis or M phase.[2] These daughter copies each contains one strand from the parental duplex DNA and one nascent antiparallel strand.
This mechanism is conserved from prokaryotes to eukaryotes and is known as semiconservative DNA replication. The process of semiconservative replication for the site of DNA replication is a fork-like DNA structure, the replication fork, where the DNA helix is open, or unwound, exposing unpaired DNA nucleotides for recognition and base pairing for the incorporation
of free nucleotides into double-stranded DNA.[3]
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of DNA. These enzymes are essential for DNAreplication and usually work in groups to create two identical DNA duplexes from a single original DNA duplex...
near perfect fidelity for DNAreplication. In a cell, DNAreplication begins at specific locations, or origins of replication, in the genome which contains...
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Nuclear DNA (nDNA), or nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid, is the DNA contained within each cell nucleus of a eukaryotic organism. It encodes for the majority...
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eukaryotic organisms, but were first discovered in yeast and bacteria origins, by Huang Kowalski. The DNA unwinding allows for access of replication machinery...
of the DNAreplication system ensures that the genome is replicated only once per cycle; over-replication induces DNA damage. Deregulation of DNA replication...
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polyadenylation site. dsDNA viruses make use of several mechanisms to replicate their genome. Bidirectional replication, in which two replication forks are established...
minichromosome maintenance protein complex (MCM) is a DNA helicase essential for genomic DNAreplication. Eukaryotic MCM consists of six gene products, Mcm2–7, which...
component for eukaryoticDNAreplication, and remains bound to chromatin at replication origins throughout the cell cycle. ORC directs DNAreplication throughout...
model eukaryotic virus, leading to many early discoveries in eukaryoticDNAreplication and transcription. Following contamination of polio vaccine batches...
two daughter cells. These events include the duplication of its DNA (DNAreplication) and some of its organelles, and subsequently the partitioning of...
Eukaryotic transcription is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of transportable complementary...
duplicated in the process of DNAreplication, providing a complete set of chromosomes for each daughter cell. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi...
Eukaryotic chromosome structure refers to the levels of packaging from raw DNA molecules to the chromosomal structures seen during metaphase in mitosis...
DNA primase is an enzyme involved in the replication of DNA and is a type of RNA polymerase. Primase catalyzes the synthesis of a short RNA (or DNA in...
Replication protein A (RPA) is the major protein that binds to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) in eukaryotic cells. In vitro, RPA shows a much higher affinity...
while double-stranded DNA is being unwound by elongating RNA-polymerase or by helicase in front of the progressing replication fork. It is the only known...
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antigen (PCNA) is a DNA clamp that acts as a processivity factor for DNA polymerase δ in eukaryotic cells and is essential for replication. PCNA is a homotrimer...
complex molecular machine that carries out replication of DNA. The replisome first unwinds double stranded DNA into two single strands. For each of the...
antigen), RFC (replication factor C) and RPA (replication protein A). Either DNA polymerase epsilon or DNA polymerase delta along with DNA ligase can be...
via a single-or double-stranded DNA intermediate. DNA transposons have been found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. They can make up a significant...
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