Series of events and stages that result in cell division
This article is about the eukaryotic cell cycle. For the prokaryotic cell cycle, see fission (biology). For the separation of chromosomes that occurs as part of the cell cycle, see mitosis. For the academic journal, see Cell Cycle (journal).
See also: Cell division
Life cycle of the cellOnion (Allium) cells in different phases of the cell cycle. Growth in an 'organism' is carefully controlled by regulating the cell cycle.Cell cycle in Deinococcus radiodurans
The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the series of events that take place in a cell that causes it to divide into two daughter cells. These events include the duplication of its DNA (DNA replication) and some of its organelles, and subsequently the partitioning of its cytoplasm, chromosomes and other components into two daughter cells in a process called cell division.
In eukaryotic cells (having a cell nucleus) including animal, plant, fungal, and protist cells, the cell cycle is divided into two main stages: interphase, and mitosis in the M phase that also includes cytokinesis.[1] During interphase, the cell grows, accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis, and replicates its DNA and some of its organelles. During the M phase, the replicated chromosomes, organelles, and cytoplasm separate into two new daughter cells. To ensure the proper replication of cellular components and division, there are control mechanisms known as cell cycle checkpoints after each of the key steps of the cycle that determine if the cell can progress to the next phase.
In cells without nuclei the prokaryotes, bacteria and archaea, the cell cycle is divided into the B, C, and D periods. The B period extends from the end of cell division to the beginning of DNA replication. DNA replication occurs during the C period. The D period refers to the stage between the end of DNA replication and the splitting of the bacterial cell into two daughter cells.[2]
In single-celled organisms, a single cell-division cycle is how the organism replicates itself. In multicellular organisms such as plants and animals, a series of cell-division cycles is how the organism develops from a single-celled fertilized egg into a mature organism, and is also the process by which hair, skin, blood cells, and some internal organs are regenerated and healed (with possible exception of nerves; see nerve damage). After cell division, each of the daughter cells begin the interphase of a new cell cycle. Although the various stages of interphase are not usually morphologically distinguishable, each phase of the cell cycle has a distinct set of specialized biochemical processes that prepare the cell for initiation of the cell division.
^Alberts B, Hopkin K, Johnson A, Morgan D, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2019). Essential cell biology (Fifth ed.). New York London: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 624–625. ISBN 9780393680393.
^Wang JD, Levin PA (November 2009). "Metabolism, cell growth and the bacterial cell cycle". Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 7 (11): 822–827. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2202. PMC 2887316. PMID 19806155.
The cellcycle, or cell-division cycle, is the series of events that take place in a cell that causes it to divide into two daughter cells. These events...
Cellcycle checkpoints are control mechanisms in the eukaryotic cellcycle which ensure its proper progression. Each checkpoint serves as a potential termination...
CellCycle is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of cell biology. It was established in 2002 with Mikhail V. Blagosklonny...
Neuronal cellcycle represents the life cycle of the biological cell, its creation, reproduction and eventual death. The process by which cells divide into...
Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two daughter cells. Cell division usually occurs as part of a larger cellcycle in which...
communication, cellcycle, biochemistry, and cell composition. The study of cells is performed using several microscopy techniques, cell culture, and cell fractionation...
Cellcycle analysis by DNA content measurement is a method that most frequently employs flow cytometry to distinguish cells in different phases of the...
signaling, cellular differentiation, and cell death, as well as maintaining control of the cellcycle and cell growth. Mitochondrial biogenesis is in turn...
of a stem cell requires that it possesses two properties: Self-renewal: the ability to go through numerous cycles of cell growth and cell division, known...
catabolism). Cell growth is not to be confused with cell division or the cellcycle, which are distinct processes that can occur alongside cell growth during...
Induced cellcycle arrest is the use of a chemical or genetic manipulation to artificially halt progression through the cellcycle. Cellular processes...
cycles: haplontic life cycle — the haploid stage is multicellular and the diploid stage is a single cell, meiosis is "zygotic". diplontic life cycle —...
during the cellcycle in open mitosis, the cell divides to form two cells. In order for this process to be possible, each of the new daughter cells must have...
been elucidated for geminin including roles in metazoan cellcycle, cellular proliferation, cell lineage commitment, and neural differentiation. One example...
first of four phases of the cellcycle that takes place in eukaryotic cell division. In this part of interphase, the cell synthesizes mRNA and proteins...
The composition of cell walls varies across taxonomic groups, species, cell type, and the cellcycle. In land plants, the primary cell wall comprises polysaccharides...
cellcycle—the division of the mother cell into two genetically identical daughter cells. The cellcycle is a vital process by which a single-celled fertilized...
center (MTOC) of the animal cell, as well as a regulator of cell-cycle progression. The centrosome provides structure for the cell. The centrosome is thought...
phase describes a cellular state outside of the replicative cellcycle. Classically[when?], cells were thought to enter G0 primarily due to environmental...
studying the regulation of the cellcycle, asymmetric cell division, and cellular differentiation. Caulobacter daughter cells have two very different forms...
condensation through mitosis". Science Daily. Retrieved 12 June 2007. "The CellCycle". Kimball's Biology Pages. Archived from the original on 2012-11-19. Retrieved...
S phase (Synthesis phase) is the phase of the cellcycle in which DNA is replicated, occurring between G1 phase and G2 phase. Since accurate duplication...
very frequently due to a shortened G1 phase in their cellcycle. Rapid cell division allows the cells to quickly grow in number, but not size, which is important...
studying the cellcycle. Paul Nurse, a fission yeast researcher, successfully merged the independent schools of fission yeast genetics and cellcycle research...
replication of cells. The cellcycle is very short. The cells in the zygote are also replicating synchronously, always undergoing cell division at the...
pRb is to prevent excessive cell growth by inhibiting cellcycle progression until a cell is ready to divide. When the cell is ready to divide, pRb is...
proteins include cellcycle proteins, signaling proteins, and protein-processing enzymes. S. cerevisiae is currently the only yeast cell known to have Berkeley...
Global Information
