Structure of double-stranded DNA, the product of DNA synthesis, showing individual nucleotide units and bonds.
DNA synthesis is the natural or artificial creation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules. DNA is a macromolecule made up of nucleotide units, which are linked by covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds, in a repeating structure. DNA synthesis occurs when these nucleotide units are joined to form DNA; this can occur artificially (in vitro) or naturally (in vivo). Nucleotide units are made up of a nitrogenous base (cytosine, guanine, adenine or thymine), pentose sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate group. Each unit is joined when a covalent bond forms between its phosphate group and the pentose sugar of the next nucleotide, forming a sugar-phosphate backbone. DNA is a complementary, double stranded structure as specific base pairing (adenine and thymine, guanine and cytosine) occurs naturally when hydrogen bonds form between the nucleotide bases.
There are several different definitions for DNA synthesis: it can refer to DNA replication - DNA biosynthesis (in vivo DNA amplification), polymerase chain reaction - enzymatic DNA synthesis (in vitro DNA amplification) or gene synthesis - physically creating artificial gene sequences. Though each type of synthesis is very different, they do share some features.
Nucleotides that have been joined to form polynucleotides can act as a DNA template for one form of DNA synthesis - PCR - to occur. DNA replication also works by using a DNA template, the DNA double helix unwinds during replication, exposing unpaired bases for new nucleotides to hydrogen bond to. Gene synthesis, however, does not require a DNA template and genes are assembled de novo.
DNA synthesis occurs in all eukaryotes and prokaryotes, as well as some viruses. The accurate synthesis of DNA is important in order to avoid mutations to DNA. In humans, mutations could lead to diseases such as cancer so DNA synthesis, and the machinery involved in vivo, has been studied extensively throughout the decades. In the future these studies may be used to develop technologies involving DNA synthesis, to be used in data storage.
DNAsynthesis is the natural or artificial creation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules. DNA is a macromolecule made up of nucleotide units, which...
consequences in DNAsynthesis, because DNA polymerase can synthesize DNA in only one direction by adding nucleotides to the 3′ end of a DNA strand. The pairing...
nucleotides de novo. Unlike DNAsynthesis in living cells, artificial gene synthesis does not require template DNA, allowing virtually any DNA sequence to be synthesized...
distinctly different from each other, DNA damage and mutation are related because DNA damage often causes errors of DNAsynthesis during replication or repair;...
A DNA polymerase is a member of a family of enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of DNA molecules from nucleoside triphosphates, the molecular precursors...
peptides) DNAsynthesis, several biochemical processes for making DNADNA replication, DNA biosynthesis in vivo Synthesis (cell cycle) RNA synthesis, the synthesis...
nucleotides into double-stranded DNA. Initiation of eukaryotic DNA replication is the first stage of DNAsynthesis where the DNA double helix is unwound and...
cDNA is patent-eligible, whereas isolated sequences of naturally occurring DNA comprising introns are not. RNA serves as a template for cDNAsynthesis...
exposures. De novo DNAsynthesis refers to the synthetic creation of DNA rather than assembly or modification of natural precursor template DNA sequences. Initial...
DNA unwinding, and single-stranded DNA binding proteins maintain the two single-stranded DNA templates stabilized prior to replication. DNAsynthesis...
sequence. Whereas enzymes synthesize DNA and RNA only in a 5' to 3' direction, chemical oligonucleotide synthesis does not have this limitation, although...
coli) extracts to develop a DNAsynthesis assay. The scientists added 14C-labeled thymidine so that a radioactive polymer of DNA, not RNA, could be retrieved...
processes of DNA replication and transcription involve DNA and RNA synthesis, respectively. DNAsynthesis uses dNTPs as substrates, while RNA synthesis uses rNTPs...
meaning when used in the context of DNAsynthesis: whereas an individual phosphoramidite nucleobase to be added to a DNA polymer has protecting groups and...
point commits the cell to division. The ensuing S phase starts when DNAsynthesis commences; when it is complete, all of the chromosomes have been replicated...
DNA primase is an enzyme involved in the replication of DNA and is a type of RNA polymerase. Primase catalyzes the synthesis of a short RNA (or DNA in...
metabolic analog of thymine (in DNAsynthesis) or uracil (in RNA synthesis). Substitution of this analog inhibits DNAsynthesis in actively dividing cells...
vitamins. It is required by animals, which use it as a cofactor in DNAsynthesis, and in both fatty acid and amino acid metabolism. It is important in...
S phase (Synthesis phase) is the phase of the cell cycle in which DNA is replicated, occurring between G1 phase and G2 phase. Since accurate duplication...
subsequent protein synthesis are less affected by folate deficiency, as the mRNA can be recycled and used again (as opposed to DNAsynthesis, where a new genomic...
during DNA replication. These oligonucleotides are known as primers because they act as a starting point for DNAsynthesis. DnaG catalyzes the synthesis of...
Megaloblastic anemia results from inhibition of DNAsynthesis during red blood cell production. When DNAsynthesis is impaired, the cell cycle cannot progress...
phosphatase) into two phosphates. This hydrolysis drives DNAsynthesis to completion. Furthermore, DNA polymerase III must be able to distinguish between correctly...
would base pair with adenine) during DNAsynthesis. Uracil-DNA glycosylase excises uracil bases from double-stranded DNA. This enzyme would therefore recognize...
sister chromatid refers to the identical copies (chromatids) formed by the DNA replication of a chromosome, with both copies joined together by a common...
strand DNAsynthesis and nucleotide and base excision repair. Research had conducted to study nucleotide excision repair DNAsynthesis by DNA polymerase...
double-stranded DNA also involves strand transfer, in which there is a translocation of short DNA product from initial RNA-dependent DNAsynthesis to acceptor...
cofactor of DNA polymerase delta. The encoded protein acts as a homotrimer and helps increase the processivity of leading strand synthesis during DNA replication...
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