Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Chemical compound
Citric acid is an organic compound with the chemical formula HOC(CO2H)(CH2CO2H)2.[10] It is a colorless weak organic acid.[10] It occurs naturally in citrus fruits. In biochemistry, it is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle, which occurs in the metabolism of all aerobic organisms.[10]
More than two million tons of citric acid are manufactured every year. It is used widely as an acidifier, as a flavoring, and a chelating agent.[11]
A citrate is a derivative of citric acid; that is, the salts, esters, and the polyatomic anion found in solutions and salts of citric acid. An example of the former, a salt is trisodium citrate; an ester is triethyl citrate. When citrate trianion is part of a salt, the formula of the citrate trianion is written as C 6H 5O3− 7 or C 3H 5O(COO)3− 3.
^ abInternational Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (2014). Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry: IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013. The Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 747. doi:10.1039/9781849733069. ISBN 978-0-85404-182-4.
^CID 22230 from PubChem
^ abcdefg"citric acid". chemister.ru. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved June 1, 2014.
^ abcdefCID 311 from PubChem
^ abcdefFisher Scientific, Citric acid. Retrieved on 2014-06-02.
^
"Data for Biochemical Research". ZirChrom Separations, Inc. Retrieved January 11, 2012.
^
"Ionization Constants of Organic Acids". Michigan State University. Retrieved January 11, 2012.
^Silva, Andre M. N.; Kong, Xiaole; Hider, Robert C. (2009). "Determination of the pKa value of the hydroxyl group in the α-hydroxycarboxylates citrate, malate and lactate by 13C NMR: implications for metal coordination in biological systems". BioMetals. 22 (5): 771–778. doi:10.1007/s10534-009-9224-5. ISSN 0966-0844.
^ abcCitric acid in Linstrom, Peter J.; Mallard, William G. (eds.); NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg (MD) (retrieved 2014-06-02)
^ abc"Citric acid | C6H8O7 - PubChem". Archived from the original on January 19, 2022. Retrieved December 19, 2021.
^Apleblat, Alexander (2014). Citric acid. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-11232-9.
Citricacid is an organic compound with the chemical formula HOC(CO2H)(CH2CO2H)2. It is a colorless weak organic acid. It occurs naturally in citrus fruits...
The citricacid cycle—also known as the Krebs cycle, Szent–Györgyi–Krebs cycle or the TCA cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle)—is a series of biochemical...
amino acid alanine and can be converted into ethanol or lactic acid via fermentation. Pyruvic acid supplies energy to cells through the citricacid cycle...
known as malates. The malate anion is a metabolic intermediate in the citricacid cycle. The word 'malic' is derived from Latin mālum, meaning 'apple'...
processes; the three main pathways in eukaryotes are (1) glycolysis, (2) the citricacid cycle/oxidative phosphorylation, and (3) beta-oxidation. The overall...
tricarboxylic acid is citricacid. Citricacid, a type of tricarboxylic acid, is used in the citricacid cycle – also known as tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle...
of CO2 is formed.[citation needed] The citricacid cycle is also called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle. When oxygen is present, acetyl-CoA...
pseudo-igniarius), lichen, and Iceland moss. Fumarate is an intermediate in the citricacid cycle used by cells to produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate...
difference, the more the overlap. In the case of citricacid, the overlap is extensive and solutions of citricacid are buffered over the whole range of pH 2...
post-glycolytic pathways: Fatty acid synthesis Cholesterol synthesis The citricacid cycle which in turn leads to: Amino acid synthesis Nucleotide synthesis...
biosynthetic, as citricacid cycle regenerate oxaloacetate when cycle intermediates are removed for biosynthesis. Figure 1: Citricacid cycle The pentose...
Amino acids also contribute to cellular energy metabolism by providing a carbon source for entry into the citricacid cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle)...
fatty acids yield the most ATP on an energy per gram basis, when they are completely oxidized to CO2 and water by beta oxidation and the citricacid cycle...
mitochondria in eukaryotes to generate acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA enters the citricacid cycle, generating NADH and FADH2, which are electron carriers used in...
to GABA, another neurotransmitter. [1](p.734) The urea cycle and the citricacid cycle are independent cycles but are linked. One of the nitrogen atoms...
more citricacid than lime juice (about 47 g/L), nearly twice the citricacid of grapefruit juice, and about five times the amount of citricacid found...
the citricacid cycle. It is acted upon by the enzyme aconitase. Aconitic acid can be synthesized by dehydration of citricacid using sulfuric acid: (HO2CCH2)2C(OH)CO2H...
enzymes), acetic acid (vinegar is a dilute aqueous solution of this liquid), sulfuric acid (used in car batteries), and citricacid (found in citrus fruits)...
amino acid synthesis (synthesis of glutamate, glutamine, proline and arginine) begins with α-ketoglutarate, an intermediate in the CitricAcid Cycle....
Isocitric acid is a structural isomer of citricacid. Since citricacid and isocitric acid are structural isomers, they share similar physical and chemical...
system). Fatty acids can only be broken down in mitochondria, by means of beta-oxidation followed by further combustion in the citricacid cycle to CO2...
the condensation of acetyl CoA with oxaloacetate) is removed from the citricacid cycle and carried across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the cytosol...
adipic acid (polymers), citricacid (a flavor and preservative in food and beverages), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (chelating agent), fatty acids (coatings)...
the major functions include oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids, and the citricacid cycle. The DNA molecules are packaged into nucleoids by proteins...
though sodium citrate can refer to any of the three sodium salts of citricacid. It possesses a saline, mildly tart flavor, and is a mild alkali. Sodium...
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