The metabolic pathway of glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate via a series of intermediate metabolites. Each chemical modification is performed by a different enzyme. Steps 1 and 3 consume ATP and steps 7 and 10 produce ATP. Since steps 6–10 occur twice per glucose molecule, this leads to a net production of ATP.
Summary of aerobic respiration
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose (C6H12O6) into pyruvate and, in most organisms, occurs in the liquid part of cells (the cytosol). The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy molecules adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH).[1] Glycolysis is a sequence of ten reactions catalyzed by enzymes.
Summary of the 10 reactions of the glycolysis pathway
The wide occurrence of glycolysis in other species indicates that it is an ancient metabolic pathway.[2] Indeed, the reactions that make up glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, can occur in the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes, catalyzed by metal ions, meaning this is a plausible prebiotic pathway for abiogenesis.[3]
The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP) pathway, which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.[4]
The glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases:[5]
Investment phase – wherein ATP is consumed
Yield phase – wherein more ATP is produced than originally consumed
^Alfarouk KO, Verduzco D, Rauch C, Muddathir AK, Adil HH, Elhassan GO, et al. (18 December 2014). "Glycolysis, tumor metabolism, cancer growth and dissemination. A new pH-based etiopathogenic perspective and therapeutic approach to an old cancer question". Oncoscience. 1 (12): 777–802. doi:10.18632/oncoscience.109. PMC 4303887. PMID 25621294.
^Romano AH, Conway T (1996). "Evolution of carbohydrate metabolic pathways". Research in Microbiology. 147 (6–7): 448–455. doi:10.1016/0923-2508(96)83998-2. PMID 9084754.
^Keller MA, Turchyn AV, Ralser M (April 2014). "Non-enzymatic glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway-like reactions in a plausible Archean ocean". Molecular Systems Biology. 10 (4): 725. doi:10.1002/msb.20145228. PMC 4023395. PMID 24771084.
adenine dinucleotide (NADH). Glycolysis is a sequence of ten reactions catalyzed by enzymes. The wide occurrence of glycolysis in other species indicates...
Anaerobic glycolysis is the transformation of glucose to lactate when limited amounts of oxygen (O2) are available. Anaerobic glycolysis is an effective...
terrestrial ecosystems.: 87 Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that takes place in the cytosol of cells in all living organisms. Glycolysis can be literally translated...
inner membrane of the mitochondrion. For each pyruvate molecule (from glycolysis), the overall yield of energy-containing compounds from the citric acid...
glucose-6-phosphate, an intermediate in the glycolysis pathway. Glucose-6-phosphate can then progress through glycolysis. Glycolysis only requires the input of one...
glycolysis is given by: D-glucose + ATP → D-glucose 6-phosphate + ADP ΔG° = −16.7 kJ/mol (° indicates measurement at standard condition) Glycolysis is...
Aerobic fermentation or aerobic glycolysis is a metabolic process by which cells metabolize sugars via fermentation in the presence of oxygen and occurs...
25% of the volume of a typical cell. In glycolysis, glucose and glycerol are metabolized to pyruvate. Glycolysis generates two equivalents of ATP through...
gluconeogenic enzyme and had preceded glycolysis. But the chemical mechanisms between gluconeogenesis and glycolysis, whether it is anabolic or catabolic...
phosphorylation. Glycolysis is performed by all living organisms and consists of 10 steps. The net reaction for the overall process of glycolysis is: Glucose...
is not quite the opposite of glycolysis, and actually requires three times the amount of energy gained from glycolysis (six molecules of ATP are used...
intermediates in the catabolic processes of glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, or the pentose phosphate pathway. From glycolysis, glucose 6-phosphate is a precursor...
living organisms. Glycolysis, which means “sugar splitting,” is the initial process in the cellular respiration pathway. Glycolysis can be either an aerobic...
reverse of glycolysis. It is instead a pathway that circumvents the irreversible steps of glycolysis. Furthermore, gluconeogenesis and glycolysis do not occur...
]] [[ ]] [[ ]] |alt=Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis edit]] The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "GlycolysisGluconeogenesis_WP534"...
concentration so additional glycolysis reactions can occur. The fermentation step oxidizes the NADH produced by glycolysis back to NAD+, transferring two...
features anaerobic glycolysis. High energy phosphates are stored in limited quantities within muscle cells. Anaerobic glycolysis exclusively uses glucose...
"committed" step of glycolysis, the conversion of fructose 6-phosphate and ATP to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and ADP. Glycolysis is the foundation for...
chemical compounds such as NADH and FADH2 (for example produced during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle) to establish an electrochemical gradient (often...
the purine nucleotide cycle. This system is known as anaerobic glycolysis. "Glycolysis" refers to the breakdown of sugar. In this system, the breakdown...
no enantiomers. Trioses are important in cellular respiration. During glycolysis, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is broken down into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate...
is broken down into two pyruvate molecules in a process known as glycolysis. Glycolysis is summarized by the equation: C6H12O6 + 2 ADP + 2 Pi + 2 NAD+ →...
Global Information
