20% to 30% of the human population often without symptoms
Staphylococcus aureus on basic cultivation mediaHemolysis on blood agar, DNase activity, clumping factor, latex agglutination, growth on mannitol-salt and Baird-Parker agar, hyaluronidase production.
Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive spherically shaped bacterium, a member of the Bacillota, and is a usual member of the microbiota of the body, frequently found in the upper respiratory tract and on the skin. It is often positive for catalase and nitrate reduction and is a facultative anaerobe that can grow without the need for oxygen.[1] Although S. aureus usually acts as a commensal of the human microbiota, it can also become an opportunistic pathogen, being a common cause of skin infections including abscesses, respiratory infections such as sinusitis, and food poisoning. Pathogenic strains often promote infections by producing virulence factors such as potent protein toxins, and the expression of a cell-surface protein that binds and inactivates antibodies. S. aureus is one of the leading pathogens for deaths associated with antimicrobial resistance and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains, such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), is a worldwide problem in clinical medicine. Despite much research and development, no vaccine for S. aureus has been approved.
An estimated 21% to 30% of the human population are long-term carriers of S. aureus,[2][3] which can be found as part of the normal skin microbiota, in the nostrils,[2][4] and as a normal inhabitant of the lower reproductive tract of females.[5][6]S. aureus can cause a range of illnesses, from minor skin infections, such as pimples,[7] impetigo, boils, cellulitis, folliculitis, carbuncles, scalded skin syndrome, and abscesses, to life-threatening diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, toxic shock syndrome, bacteremia, and sepsis. It is still one of the five most common causes of hospital-acquired infections and is often the cause of wound infections following surgery. Each year, around 500,000 hospital patients in the United States contract a staphylococcal infection, chiefly by S. aureus.[8] Up to 50,000 deaths each year in the U.S. are linked to staphylococcal infection.[9]
^Masalha M, Borovok I, Schreiber R, Aharonowitz Y, Cohen G (December 2001). "Analysis of transcription of the Staphylococcus aureus aerobic class Ib and anaerobic class III ribonucleotide reductase genes in response to oxygen". Journal of Bacteriology. 183 (24): 7260–7272. doi:10.1128/JB.183.24.7260-7272.2001. PMC 95576. PMID 11717286.
^ abKluytmans J, van Belkum A, Verbrugh H (July 1997). "Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus: epidemiology, underlying mechanisms, and associated risks". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 10 (3): 505–520. doi:10.1128/CMR.10.3.505. PMC 172932. PMID 9227864.
^Cite error: The named reference Tong2015 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cole AM, Tahk S, Oren A, Yoshioka D, Kim YH, Park A, et al. (November 2001). "Determinants of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage". Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 8 (6): 1064–1069. doi:10.1128/CDLI.8.6.1064-1069.2001. PMC 96227. PMID 11687441.
^Senok AC, Verstraelen H, Temmerman M, Botta GA (October 2009). "Probiotics for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (4): CD006289. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006289.pub2. PMID 19821358.
^Hoffman B (2012). Williams Gynecology (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 65. ISBN 978-0071716727.
^"Staphylococcal Infections". MedlinePlus [Internet]. Bethesda, MD: National Library of Medicine, US. Skin infections are the most common. They can look like pimples or boils.
^Bowersox J (27 May 1999). "Experimental Staph Vaccine Broadly Protective in Animal Studies". NIH. Archived from the original on 5 May 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
^Schlecht LM, Peters BM, Krom BP, Freiberg JA, Hänsch GM, Filler SG, et al. (January 2015). "Systemic Staphylococcus aureus infection mediated by Candida albicans hyphal invasion of mucosal tissue". Microbiology. 161 (Pt 1): 168–181. doi:10.1099/mic.0.083485-0. PMC 4274785. PMID 25332378.
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