Antibiotics, incision and drainage of any abscesses, intravenous immunoglobulin[1]
Prognosis
Risk of death: ~50% (streptococcal), ~5% (staphylococcal)[1]
Frequency
3 per 100,000[definition needed] per year (developed world)[1]
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a condition caused by bacterial toxins.[1] Symptoms may include fever, rash, skin peeling, and low blood pressure.[1] There may also be symptoms related to the specific underlying infection such as mastitis, osteomyelitis, necrotising fasciitis, or pneumonia.[1]
TSS is typically caused by bacteria of the Streptococcus pyogenes or Staphylococcus aureus type, though others may also be involved.[1][3] Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome is sometimes referred to as toxic-shock-like syndrome (TSLS).[1] The underlying mechanism involves the production of superantigens during an invasive streptococcus infection or a localized staphylococcus infection.[1] Risk factors for the staphylococcal type include the use of very absorbent tampons, skin lesions in young children characterized by fever, low blood pressure, rash, vomiting and/or diarrhea, and multiorgan failure.[1][5][6] Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms.[1]
Treatment includes intravenous fluids, antibiotics, incision and drainage of any abscesses, and possibly intravenous immunoglobulin.[1][7] The need for rapid removal of infected tissue via surgery in those with a streptococcal cause, while commonly recommended, is poorly supported by the evidence.[1] Some recommend delaying surgical debridement.[1] The overall risk of death is about 50% in streptococcal disease, and 5% in staphylococcal disease.[1] Death may occur within 2 days.[1]
In the United States, streptococcal TSS occurs in about 3 per 100,000[definition needed] per year, and staphylococcal TSS in about 0.5 per 100,000[definition needed] per year.[1] The condition is more common in the developing world.[1] It was first described in 1927.[1] Due to the association with very absorbent tampons, these products were removed from sale.[1]
^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzLow DE (July 2013). "Toxic shock syndrome: major advances in pathogenesis, but not treatment". Critical Care Clinics. 29 (3): 651–75. doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2013.03.012. PMID 23830657.
^Mayo Clinic Staff. "Toxic shock syndrome". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
^ abGottlieb M, Long B, Koyfman A (June 2018). "The Evaluation and Management of Toxic Shock Syndrome in the Emergency Department: A Review of the Literature". The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 54 (6): 807–814. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2017.12.048. PMID 29366615. S2CID 1812988.
^Ferri FF (2010). Ferri's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier/Mosby. p. Chapter T. ISBN 978-0-323-07699-9.
^Cite error: The named reference cdc was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Khajuria A, Nadam HH, Gallagher M, Jones I, Atkins J (2020). "Pediatric Toxic Shock Syndrome After a 7% Burn: A Case Study and Systematic Literature Review". Ann. Plast. Surg. 84 (1): 35–42. doi:10.1097/SAP.0000000000001990. PMID 31192868. S2CID 189815024.
^Wilkins AL, Steer AC, Smeesters PR, Curtis N (2017). "Toxic shock syndrome – the seven Rs of management and treatment". Journal of Infection. 74: S147–S152. doi:10.1016/S0163-4453(17)30206-2. PMID 28646955.
and 24 Related for: Toxic shock syndrome information
Toxicshocksyndrome (TSS) is a condition caused by bacterial toxins. Symptoms may include fever, rash, skin peeling, and low blood pressure. There may...
infections from the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, which can lead to toxicshocksyndrome (TSS). TSS is a rare but life-threatening infection that requires...
cups are a safe alternative to other menstrual products; risk of toxicshocksyndrome infection is similar or lower with menstrual cups than for pads or...
despite the syndrome nomenclature. In other instances, a syndrome is not specific to only one disease. For example, toxicshocksyndrome can be caused...
integration site. Diseases like scarlet fever and Streptococcal toxicshocksyndrome are caused by lysogenized streptococcal strains that produce speA...
diseases that may be caused as a result of this include streptococcal toxicshocksyndrome (STSS), necrotizing fasciitis (NF), pneumonia, and bacteremia. In...
developed a fever of 107 °F (42 °C). He was later diagnosed with toxicshocksyndrome. He suffered some brain damage as a result of his illness and lost...
Henson Hour (1989). Henson died in New York City at age 53 from toxicshocksyndrome caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. At the time of his death, he was...
increasing the chance of transmission. S. aureus is also implicated in toxicshocksyndrome; during the 1980s some tampons allowed the rapid growth of S. aureus...
similar symptoms such as neuroleptic malignant syndrome, malignant hyperthermia, anticholinergic toxicity, heat stroke, and meningitis should be ruled out...
inflammation. Additionally, this protein is one of the causative agents of toxicshocksyndrome. The function of this protein is to facilitate the infection of the...
blood flow Septic shock, a result of severe infection Toxicshocksyndrome, a specific type of severe infection Anaphylactic shock, a result of severe...
scalded skin syndrome, and abscesses, to life-threatening diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, toxicshocksyndrome, bacteremia...
homeostasis. The toxic effects of the microbe and SAg also damage tissue and organ systems, a condition known as toxicshocksyndrome. If the initial inflammation...
transmitted infections. Sponge users may have a slightly higher risk of toxicshocksyndrome. Shortly after they were taken off the U.S. market, the sponge was...
strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes that cause toxicshocksyndrome. Superantigens bridge the MHC class II protein on antigen-presenting...
recommended due to resistance. Clindamycin is used in cases of suspected toxicshocksyndrome, often in combination with a bactericidal agent such as vancomycin...
Symptoms of toxicshock (a syndrome caused by bacterial toxins) occasionally occur – an association sometimes referred to as 'Kawasaki shocksyndrome', which...
diseases such as scarlet fever and toxicshocksyndrome; drug hypersensitivity reactions (including Stevens Johnson syndrome); systemic onset juvenile idiopathic...
caused by necrotizing fasciitis that was complicated by streptococcal toxicshocksyndrome has been reported. Gupta AK, Venkataraman M, Joshi LT, Cooper EA...
implicated as the causative agent of scarlet fever and streptococcal toxicshocksyndrome. There is no consensus on the exact number of pyrogenic exotoxins...
Global Information