For the RNA formerly known as sRNA, see soluble RNA.
See also: Bacterial small RNA
Small RNA (sRNA) are polymeric RNA molecules that are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and are usually non-coding.[1] RNA silencing is often a function of these molecules, with the most common and well-studied example being RNA interference (RNAi), in which endogenously expressed microRNA (miRNA) or exogenously derived small interfering RNA (siRNA) induces the degradation of complementary messenger RNA. Other classes of small RNA have been identified, including piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) and its subspecies repeat associated small interfering RNA (rasiRNA).[2] Small RNA "is unable to induce RNAi alone, and to accomplish the task it must form the core of the RNA–protein complex termed the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), specifically with Argonaute protein".[3]: 366
Small RNA have been detected or sequenced using a range of techniques, including directly by MicroRNA sequencing on several sequencing platforms,[4][5][6] or indirectly through genome sequencing and analysis.[7] Identification of miRNAs has been evaluated in detecting human disease, such as breast cancer.[5] Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) miRNA expression has been studied as potential biomarker for different neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease,[8] Multiple sclerosis.[9] Evaluating small RNA is useful for certain kinds of study because its molecules "do not need to be fragmented prior to library preparation".[3]: 162
Types of small RNA include:
microRNA (miRNA)[10]
Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA)
small interfering RNA (siRNA)
small nuclear RNA (snRNA), also commonly referred to as U-RNA
small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA)
small rDNA-derived RNA (srRNA)[11]
tRNA fragment (tRF)[12]
Y RNA-derived small RNA (ysRNA)[13]
^Storz G (May 2002). "An expanding universe of noncoding RNAs". Science. 296 (5571): 1260–3. Bibcode:2002Sci...296.1260S. doi:10.1126/science.1072249. PMID 12016301. S2CID 35295924.
^Gunawardane LS, Saito K, Nishida KM, Miyoshi K, Kawamura Y, Nagami T, et al. (March 2007). "A slicer-mediated mechanism for repeat-associated siRNA 5' end formation in Drosophila". Science. 315 (5818): 1587–90. doi:10.1126/science.1140494. PMID 17322028. S2CID 11513777.
^ abMeyers RA (2012). Epigenetic Regulation and Epigenomics. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-3-527-66861-8.
^Lu C, Tej SS, Luo S, Haudenschild CD, Meyers BC, Green PJ (September 2005). "Elucidation of the small RNA component of the transcriptome". Science. 309 (5740): 1567–9. Bibcode:2005Sci...309.1567L. doi:10.1126/science.1114112. PMID 16141074. S2CID 1651848.
^ abWu Q, Lu Z, Li H, Lu J, Guo L, Ge Q (2011). "Next-generation sequencing of microRNAs for breast cancer detection". Journal of Biomedicine & Biotechnology. 2011: 597145. doi:10.1155/2011/597145. PMC 3118289. PMID 21716661.
^Ruby JG, Jan C, Player C, Axtell MJ, Lee W, Nusbaum C, et al. (December 2006). "Large-scale sequencing reveals 21U-RNAs and additional microRNAs and endogenous siRNAs in C. elegans". Cell. 127 (6): 1193–207. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.10.040. PMID 17174894. S2CID 16838469.
^Witten D, Tibshirani R, Gu SG, Fire A, Lui WO (May 2010). "Ultra-high throughput sequencing-based small RNA discovery and discrete statistical biomarker analysis in a collection of cervical tumours and matched controls". BMC Biology. 8 (1): 58. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-8-58. PMC 2880020. PMID 20459774.
^Gui Y, Liu H, Zhang L, Lv W, Hu X (November 2015). "Altered microRNA profiles in cerebrospinal fluid exosome in Parkinson disease and Alzheimer disease". Oncotarget. 6 (35): 37043–53. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.6158. PMC 4741914. PMID 26497684.
^Keller A, Leidinger P, Lange J, Borries A, Schroers H, Scheffler M, et al. (October 2009). "Multiple sclerosis: microRNA expression profiles accurately differentiate patients with relapsing-remitting disease from healthy controls". PLOS ONE. 4 (10): e7440. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.7440K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007440. PMC 2757919. PMID 19823682.
^Green, D; Dalmay, T; Chapman, T (February 2016). "Microguards and micromessengers of the genome". Heredity. 116 (2): 125–134. doi:10.1038/hdy.2015.84. PMC 4806885. PMID 26419338.
^Wei H, Zhou B, Zhang F, Tu Y, Hu Y, Zhang B, Zhai Q (2013). "Profiling and identification of small rDNA-derived RNAs and their potential biological functions". PLOS ONE. 8 (2): e56842. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...856842W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056842. PMC 3572043. PMID 23418607.
^Green, Darrell; Fraser, William D.; Dalmay, Tamas (June 2016). "Transfer RNA-derived small RNAs in the cancer transcriptome". Pflügers Archiv: European Journal of Physiology. 468 (6): 1041–1047. doi:10.1007/s00424-016-1822-9. PMC 4893054. PMID 27095039.
^Billmeier, Martina; Green, Darrell; Hall, Adam E.; Turnbull, Carly; Singh, Archana; Xu, Ping; Moxon, Simon; Dalmay, Tamas (31 December 2022). "Mechanistic insights into non-coding Y RNA processing". RNA Biology. 19 (1): 468–480. doi:10.1080/15476286.2022.2057725. PMC 8973356. PMID 35354369.
SmallRNA (sRNA) are polymeric RNA molecules that are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and are usually non-coding. RNA silencing is often a function...
Small interfering RNA (siRNA), sometimes known as short interfering RNA or silencing RNA, is a class of double-stranded RNA at first non-coding RNA molecules...
Small nuclear RNA (snRNA) is a class of smallRNA molecules that are found within the splicing speckles and Cajal bodies of the cell nucleus in eukaryotic...
small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are a class of smallRNA molecules that primarily guide chemical modifications of other RNAs, mainly ribosomal RNAs, transfer...
ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules, microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA), are central to components to the RNAi pathway. Once mRNA is degraded,...
A small conditional RNA (scRNA) is a smallRNA molecule or complex (typically less than approximately 100 nt) engineered to interact and change conformation...
Bacterial smallRNAs are smallRNAs produced by bacteria; they are 50- to 500-nucleotide non-coding RNA molecules, highly structured and containing several...
Ribosomal RNA is transcribed from ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and then bound to ribosomal proteins to form small and large ribosome subunits. rRNA is the physical...
sequence microRNAs, also called miRNAs. miRNA-seq differs from other forms of RNA-seq in that input material is often enriched for smallRNAs. miRNA-seq allows...
Guide RNA (gRNA) or single guide RNA (sgRNA) is a short sequence of RNA that functions as a guide for the Cas9-endonuclease or other Cas-proteins that...
In molecular biology, messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) is a single-stranded molecule of RNA that corresponds to the genetic sequence of a gene, and is...
RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure found in certain lactic acid bacteria. The asd motif was detected by bioinformatics and an individual asd RNA in...
MicroRNA (miRNA) are small, single-stranded, non-coding RNA molecules containing 21 to 23 nucleotides. Found in plants, animals and some viruses, miRNAs are...
(December 2016). "Insights into the regulation of smallRNA expression: SarA represses the expression of two sRNAs in Staphylococcus aureus". Nucleic Acids Research...
mRNAs and most sRNA and microRNAs. RNA polymerase III synthesizes tRNAs, rRNA 5S and other smallRNAs found in the nucleus and cytosol. RNA polymerase IV...
classes of smallRNA have currently been identified, namely: small interfering RNA (siRNA), microRNA (miRNA), and piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA). siRNAs act in...
Antisense smallRNAs (abbreviated anti smallRNA or anti-sRNA) are short RNA sequences (about 50-500 nucleotides long) that are complementary to other small RNA...
SmallRNA sequencing (SmallRNA-Seq) is a type of RNA sequencing based on the use of NGS technologies that allows to isolate and get information about...
Small temporal RNA (abbreviated stRNA) regulates gene expression during roundworm development by preventing the mRNAs they bind from being translated...
RNA contained similar nucleobases to DNA, with uracil instead of thymine, and that RNA contained a number of minor nucleobase components, e.g. small amounts...
cells, RNA polymerase III (also called Pol III) is a protein that transcribes DNA to synthesize 5S ribosomal RNA, tRNA, and other smallRNAs. The genes...
Beaume M, Francois P, Cheung A (October 2014). "Contribution of teg49 smallRNA in the 5′ upstream transcriptional region of sarA to virulence in Staphylococcus...
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