Not to be confused with Mitochondrial DNA (m(t)DNA); or messenger RNA (mRNA).
Pre-miRNA instead of Pri-miRNA in the first point of mechanism. Diagram of microRNA (miRNA) action with mRNAExamples of miRNA stem-loops, with the mature miRNAs shown in red
MicroRNA (miRNA) are small, single-stranded, non-coding RNA molecules containing 21 to 23 nucleotides.[1] Found in plants, animals and some viruses, miRNAs are involved in RNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression.[2][3] miRNAs base-pair to complementary sequences in mRNA molecules,[4] then silence said mRNA molecules by one or more of the following processes:[1][5]
Cleavage of the mRNA strand into two pieces,
Destabilization of the mRNA by shortening its poly(A) tail, or
Reducing translation of the mRNA into proteins.
In cells of humans and other animals, miRNAs primarily act by destabilizing the mRNA.[6][7]
miRNAs resemble the small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) of the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway, except miRNAs derive from regions of RNA transcripts that fold back on themselves to form short hairpins, whereas siRNAs derive from longer regions of double-stranded RNA.[2] The human genome may encode over 1900 miRNAs,[8][9] However, only about 500 human miRNAs represent bona fide miRNAs in the manually curated miRNA gene database MirGeneDB.[10]
miRNAs are abundant in many mammalian cell types[11][12] miRNAs appear to target about 60% of the genes of humans and other mammals.[13][14] Many miRNAs are evolutionarily conserved, which implies that they have important biological functions.[15][1] For example, 90 families of miRNAs have been conserved since at least the common ancestor of mammals and fish, and most of these conserved miRNAs have important functions, as shown by studies in which genes for one or more members of a family have been knocked out in mice.[1]
^Qureshi A, Thakur N, Monga I, Thakur A, Kumar M (1 January 2014). "VIRmiRNA: a comprehensive resource for experimentally validated viral miRNAs and their targets". Database. 2014: bau103. doi:10.1093/database/bau103. PMC 4224276. PMID 25380780.
^Homo sapiens miRNAs in the miRBase at Manchester University
^Alles J, Fehlmann T, Fischer U, Backes C, Galata V, Minet M, et al. (April 2019). "An estimate of the total number of true human miRNAs". Nucleic Acids Research. 47 (7): 3353–3364. doi:10.1093/nar/gkz097. PMC 6468295. PMID 30820533.
^Fromm B, Domanska D, Høye E, Ovchinnikov V, Kang W, Aparicio-Puerta E, et al. (January 2020). "MirGeneDB 2.0: the metazoan microRNA complement". Nucleic Acids Research. 48 (D1): D132–D141. doi:10.1093/nar/gkz885. PMC 6943042. PMID 31598695.
^Lim LP, Lau NC, Weinstein EG, Abdelhakim A, Yekta S, Rhoades MW, et al. (April 2003). "The microRNAs of Caenorhabditis elegans". Genes & Development. 17 (8): 991–1008. doi:10.1101/gad.1074403. PMC 196042. PMID 12672692.
^Lagos-Quintana M, Rauhut R, Yalcin A, Meyer J, Lendeckel W, Tuschl T (April 2002). "Identification of tissue-specific microRNAs from mouse". Current Biology. 12 (9): 735–9. Bibcode:2002CBio...12..735L. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(02)00809-6. PMID 12007417.
^Lewis BP, Burge CB, Bartel DP (January 2005). "Conserved seed pairing, often flanked by adenosines, indicates that thousands of human genes are microRNA targets". Cell. 120 (1): 15–20. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2004.12.035. PMID 15652477.
^Fromm B, Billipp T, Peck LE, Johansen M, Tarver JE, King BL, et al. (2015). "A Uniform System for the Annotation of Vertebrate microRNA Genes and the Evolution of the Human microRNAome". Annual Review of Genetics. 49: 213–42. doi:10.1146/annurev-genet-120213-092023. PMC 4743252. PMID 26473382.
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Han J, Yeom KH, Lee S, Baek SH, Kim VN (October 2004). "MicroRNA genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase II". The EMBO Journal. 23 (20): 4051–4060. doi:10...
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