The immobilized whole cell system is an alternative to enzyme immobilization. Unlike enzyme immobilization, where the enzyme is attached to a solid support (such as calcium alginate or activated PVA or activated PEI), in immobilized whole cell systems, the target cell is immobilized. Such methods may be implemented when the enzymes required are difficult or expensive to extract, an example being intracellular enzymes.[1][2] Also, if a series of enzymes are required in the reaction; whole cell immobilization may be used for convenience. This is only done on a commercial basis when the need for the product is more justified.
Multiple enzymes may be introduced into the reaction, thus eliminating the need for immobilization of multiple enzymes. Furthermore, intracellular enzymes need not be extracted prior to the reaction; they may be used directly. However, some enzymes may be used for the metabolic needs of the cell, leading to reduced yield of the cell.
^Zaushitsyna, O.; Berillo, D.; Kirsebom, H.; Mattiasson, B. (2013). "Cryostructured and Crosslinked Viable Cells Forming Monoliths Suitable for Bioreactor Applications". Topics in Catalysis. 57 (5): 339. doi:10.1007/s11244-013-0189-9. S2CID 94773366.
^Aragão Börner, R.; Zaushitsyna, O.; Berillo, D.; Scaccia, N.; Mattiasson, B.; Kirsebom, H. (2014). "Immobilization of Clostridium acetobutylicum DSM 792 as macroporous aggregates through cryogelation for butanol production". Process Biochemistry. 49: 10–18. doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2013.09.027.
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The immobilizedwholecell system is an alternative to enzyme immobilization. Unlike enzyme immobilization, where the enzyme is attached to a solid support...
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of its surroundings. IEF involves adding an ampholyte solution into immobilized pH gradient (IPG) gels. IPGs are the acrylamide gel matrix co-polymerized...
and size of the muscle cells as well as lower protein content. Human spaceflight, involving prolonged periods of immobilization and weightlessness is known...
material, such as purified photosystems or whole algal or cyanobacterial cells, are employed in the anodic half-cell. These organisms are able to use light...
cell increase the internal resistance and, thus, lower the voltage. Many experimenters tried to immobilize the electrolyte of an electrochemical cell...
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protein microarrays. In this type of microarrays, the whole collection of protein themselves are immobilized with the intent of capturing various stages of disease...
templates from immobilized primers. A common primer is then hybridized to the template. In either approach, DNA polymerase can bind to the immobilized primed...
level. Some cells can also be used to monitor the microbial corrosion. Pseudomonas sp. is isolated from corroded material surface and immobilized on acetylcellulose...
membrane potential of cellsimmobilized in a gel matrix. Apart from the increased stability of the electrode-cell interface, immobilization preserves the viability...
is generally used on samples of free cells or tissue fragments, in contrast to histopathology, which studies whole tissues. Cytopathology is frequently...
shown that immobilization of the tendons after injury often has a negative effect on healing. In rabbits, collagen fascicles that are immobilized have shown...
mixture of chemical compounds. Biotransformations can be conducted with wholecells, their lysates, or purified enzymes. Increasingly, biotransformations...
from intact cells or laser capture microdissected cells, (b) body fluids such as serum, CSF, urine, vitreous, saliva, etc., are immobilized on individual...
on their location. Integral membrane proteins are a permanent part of a cell membrane and can either penetrate the membrane (transmembrane) or associate...
make cellulose in cell walls, the most abundant carbohydrate in the world or, ATP(Adenosine Triphosphate) which is used by the cell as energy. In energy...
degradation in an automated manner. A sample of the protein or peptide is immobilized in the reaction vessel of the protein sequenator and the Edman degradation...
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