An artificial cell, synthetic cell or minimal cell is an engineered particle that mimics one or many functions of a biological cell. Often, artificial cells are biological or polymeric membranes which enclose biologically active materials.[1] As such, liposomes, polymersomes, nanoparticles, microcapsules and a number of other particles can qualify as artificial cells.
The terms "artificial cell" and "synthetic cell" are used in a variety of different fields and can have different meanings, as it is also reflected in the different sections of this article. Some stricter definitions are based on the assumption that the term "cell" directly relates to biological cells and that these structures therefore have to be alive (or part of a living organism) and, further, that the term "artificial" implies that these structures are artificially built from the bottom-up, i.e. from basic components. As such, in the area of synthetic biology, an artificial cell can be understood as a completely synthetically made cell that can capture energy, maintain ion gradients, contain macromolecules as well as store information and have the ability to replicate.[2] This kind of artificial cell has not yet been made.
However, in other cases, the term "artificial" does not imply that the entire structure is man-made, but instead, it can refer to the idea that certain functions or structures of biological cells can be modified, simplified, replaced or supplemented with a synthetic entity.
In other fields, the term "artificial cell" can refer to any compartment that somewhat resembles a biological cell in size or structure, but is synthetically made, or even fully made from non-biological components. The term "artificial cell" is also used for structures with direct applications such as compartments for drug delivery. Micro-encapsulation allows for metabolism within the membrane, exchange of small molecules and prevention of passage of large substances across it.[3][4] The main advantages of encapsulation include improved mimicry in the body, increased solubility of the cargo and decreased immune responses. Notably, artificial cells have been clinically successful in hemoperfusion.[5]
Part of a series of articles on
Synthetic biology
Synthetic biological circuits
Synthetic gene database
BioBrick
Registry of Standard Biological Parts
Genome editing
CRISPR
Gene therapy
Synthetic immunology
Artificial cells
Artificial gene synthesis
Synthetic genomics
Mycoplasma laboratorium
Protocell
Xenobiology
Nucleic acid analogue
Xeno nucleic acid
Unnatural base pair
Expanded genetic code
Mirror life
Other topics
Hazards
Open synthetic biology
Do-it-yourself biology
v
t
e
^Buddingh' BC, van Hest JC (April 2017). "Artificial Cells: Synthetic Compartments with Life-like Functionality and Adaptivity". Accounts of Chemical Research. 50 (4): 769–777. doi:10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00512. PMC 5397886. PMID 28094501.
^Deamer D (July 2005). "A giant step towards artificial life?". Trends in Biotechnology. 23 (7): 336–338. doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2005.05.008. PMID 15935500.
^Cite error: The named reference Prakash was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Gebelein CG (1983). Polymeric materials and artificial organs based on a symposium sponsored by the Division of Organic Coatings and Plastics Chemistry at the 185th Meeting of the American Chemical Society. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society. ISBN 978-0-8412-1084-4.[page needed]
artificialcell, synthetic cell or minimal cell is an engineered particle that mimics one or many functions of a biological cell. Often, artificial cells...
derived from stem cells. The use of such artificial gametes would "necessarily require IVF techniques". Research shows that artificial gametes may be a...
immunoreceptors, chimeric T cell receptors or artificial T cell receptors—are receptor proteins that have been engineered to give T cells the new ability to target...
therapies and diagnostic tools. A living "artificialcell" has been defined as a completely synthetic cell that can capture energy, maintain ion gradients...
synthetic biology, cell membranes can be artificially reassembled. While Robert Hooke's discovery of cells in 1665 led to the proposal of the cell theory, Hooke...
neurophysiological observations, but without regard to realism. Artificial neurons can also refer to artificialcells in neuromorphic engineering () that are similar...
Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two daughter cells. Cell division usually occurs as part of a larger cell cycle in which...
Artificial white blood cells are typically membrane bound vesicles designed to mimic the immunomodulatory behavior of naturally produced leukocytes. While...
"From artificial red blood cells, oxygen carriers, and oxygen therapeutics to artificialcells, nanomedicine, and beyond". ArtificialCells, Blood Substitutes...
Abiogenesis – Life arising from non-living matter Artificialcell – Engineered component of a biological cell Earliest known life forms – Putative fossilized...
Artificial intelligence (AI), in its broadest sense, is intelligence exhibited by machines, particularly computer systems. It is a field of research in...
of cells and of DNA fragments. The artificial cloning of organisms, sometimes known as reproductive cloning, is often accomplished via somatic-cell nuclear...
Artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPCs) are engineered platforms for T-cell activation. aAPCs are used as a new technology and approach to cancer...
changes. Artificialcell Electronic nose Electronic skin Mirvakili, Seyed M. (2013). Niobium Nanowire Yarns and Their Application as Artificial Muscle (M...
undergraduate at McGill University in 1957, Chang invented the world's first artificialcell. Working with improvised materials like perfume atomizers inside his...
An artificial womb or artificial uterus is a device that would allow for extracorporeal pregnancy, by growing a fetus outside the body of an organism...
functionality of the pancreas is provided by islet cells which produce the hormones insulin and glucagon. Artificial pancreatic technology mimics the secretion...
mainly with bio-artificial kidneys featuring cells that are grown from renal cell lines/renal tissue. The first successful artificial kidney was developed...
cell is an "artificialcell" created by Moritz Traube in order to study the processes of living cells, including growth and osmosis. The Traube cell is...
complex nervous systems – a population of nerve cells connected by synapses. In machine learning, an artificial neural network is a mathematical model used...
A blood substitute (also called artificial blood or blood surrogate) is a substance used to mimic and fulfill some functions of biological blood. It aims...
patients. Host cells of varying classifications, such as lymphocytes and erythrocytes, display minimal immunological response to artificial grafts. Effective...
solar cell can produce a maximum open-circuit voltage of approximately 0.5 to 0.6 volts. Photovoltaic cells may operate under sunlight or artificial light...
Induced cell cycle arrest is the use of a chemical or genetic manipulation to artificially halt progression through the cell cycle. Cellular processes...
An artificial heart is an artificial organ device that replaces the heart. Artificial hearts are typically used to bridge the time to complete heart transplantation...
Artificial general intelligence (AGI) is a type of artificial intelligence (AI) that matches or surpasses human capabilities across a wide range of cognitive...
Respirocytes are hypothetical, microscopic, artificial red blood cells that are intended to emulate the function of their organic counterparts, so as to...