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Chemokines (from Ancient Greek χῠμείᾱ (khumeíā) 'alchemy', and κῑ́νησῐς (kī́nēsis) 'movement'), or chemotactic cytokines, are a family of small cytokines or signaling proteins secreted by cells that induce directional movement of leukocytes, as well as other cell types, including endothelial and epithelial cells.[1][2] In addition to playing a major role in the activation of host immune responses, chemokines are important for biological processes, including morphogenesis and wound healing, as well as in the pathogenesis of diseases like cancers.[1][3]
Cytokine proteins are classified as chemokines according to behavior and structural characteristics. In addition to being known for mediating chemotaxis, chemokines are all approximately 8–10 kilodaltons in mass and have four cysteine residues in conserved locations that are key to forming their 3-dimensional shape.
These proteins have historically been known under several other names including the SIS family of cytokines, SIG family of cytokines, SCY family of cytokines, Platelet factor-4 superfamily or intercrines. Some chemokines are considered pro-inflammatory and can be induced during an immune response to recruit cells of the immune system to a site of infection, while others are considered homeostatic and are involved in controlling the migration of cells during normal processes of tissue maintenance or development. Chemokines are found in all vertebrates, some viruses and some bacteria, but none have been found in other invertebrates.
Chemokines have been classified into four main subfamilies: CXC, CC, CX3C and C. All of these proteins exert their biological effects by interacting with G protein-linked transmembrane receptors called chemokine receptors, that are selectively found on the surfaces of their target cells.[4]
^ abRaman, Dayanidhi; Sobolik-Delmaire, Tammy; Richmond, Ann (2011-03-10). "Chemokines in health and disease". Experimental Cell Research. 317 (5): 575–589. doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2011.01.005. ISSN 0014-4827. PMC 3063402. PMID 21223965.
^Charo, Israel F.; Ransohoff, Richard M. (2006-02-09). "The Many Roles of Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors in Inflammation". New England Journal of Medicine. 354 (6): 610–621. doi:10.1056/NEJMra052723. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 16467548.
^Davenport, R. D. (2009). "An introduction to chemokines and their roles in transfusion medicine". Vox Sanguinis. 96 (3): 183–198. doi:10.1111/j.1423-0410.2008.01127.x. hdl:2027.42/74808. ISSN 1423-0410. PMID 19076338. S2CID 13880196.
^Mélik-Parsadaniantz S, Rostène W (July 2008). "Chemokines and neuromodulation". Journal of Neuroimmunology. 198 (1–2): 62–8. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.04.022. PMID 18538863. S2CID 7141579.
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