The biosynthesis of cocaine has long attracted the attention of biochemists and organic chemists. This interest is partly motivated by the strong physiological effects of cocaine, but a further incentive was the unusual bicyclic structure of the molecule. The biosynthesis can be viewed as occurring in two phases, one phase leading to the N-methylpyrrolinium ring, which is preserved in the final product. The second phase incorporates a C4 unit with formation of the bicyclic tropane core.[1]
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The biosynthesisofcocaine has long attracted the attention of biochemists and organic chemists. This interest is partly motivated by the strong physiological...
stereoisomer. In cocainebiosynthesis, only the (S)-enantiomer can cyclize to form the tropane ring system ofcocaine. The stereoselectivity of this reaction...
The natural isomerism ofcocaine is unstable and prone to epimerization. For example, the end product ofcocainebiosynthesis contains an axial C2-carbomethoxy...
of alkaloid biosynthesis are too numerous and cannot be easily classified. However, there are a few typical reactions involved in the biosynthesisof...
alkaloids occur naturally in many members of the plant family Solanaceae. Certain tropane alkaloids such as cocaine and scopolamine are notorious for their...
also serves as a precursor for the biosynthesisof steroid hormones, bile acid and vitamin D. Elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood, especially...
The enzyme from the plant Erythroxylum coca participates in the biosynthesisofcocaine. Jirschitzka J, Schmidt GW, Reichelt M, Schneider B, Gershenzon...
Hopfgartner G, Gershenzon J, D'Auria JC (January 2015). "The last step in cocainebiosynthesis is catalyzed by a BAHD acyltransferase". Plant Physiology. 167 (1):...
performance. Some of the most common stimulants are caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine, and modafinil. Stimulants work by affecting the levels of certain...
found] Many DRIs such as cocaine are drugs of abuse due to the rewarding effects evoked by elevated synaptic concentrations of dopamine in the brain. Until...
The synthesis is a good example of a biomimetic reaction or biogenetic-type synthesis because biosynthesis makes use of the same building blocks. It also...
nicotine is an intermediate in the synthesis of tropane-derived alkaloids. Biosynthesis begins with decarboxylation of ornithine by ornithine decarboxylase (ODC)...
is then oxidized to taurine as described above. A pathway for taurine biosynthesis from serine and sulfate is reported in microalgae, developing chicken...
officinarum), and corkwood (Duboisia). The biosynthesisof scopolamine begins with the decarboxylation of L-ornithine to putrescine by ornithine decarboxylase...
Serine (symbol Ser or S) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesisof proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH+...
and secologanin. The biosynthesisof strychnine was solved in 2022. The enzyme, strictosidine synthase, catalyzes the condensation of tryptamine and secologanin...
K (1981). "Formation and metabolism of pungent principle of Capsicum fruits. 9. Biosynthesisof acyl moieties of capsaicin and its analogs from valine...
"Chapter 1: Enzymes involved in the biosynthesis and degradation of catecholamines". In Iverson L (ed.). Biochemistry of Biogenic Amines. Springer. pp. 1–35...
metabolites found in plants, the functions of these compounds in human and plant biology, and the biosynthesisof these compounds. Plants synthesize phytochemicals...
diphosphate (DMAPP). The NMR and MS study by Zjawiony suggested that the biosynthesisof salvinorin A proceeds via the 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate pathway...
Stuhlfauth-Roisch U, Grosse W (1999). "Latest on Enzymology of Serotonin Biosynthesis in Walnut Seeds". Tryptophan, Serotonin, and Melatonin. Advances...
plant biosynthesisof hyoscine, it is produced via the same metabolic pathway. The biosynthesisof hyoscine begins with the decarboxylation of L-ornithine...
of DOPAL and dopamine. CYP2D6, a cytochrome P450 isoenzyme is involved in two steps along the biosynthetic pathway, catalyzing both the biosynthesis of...
also be labeled as dopaminergic. Enzymes that regulate the biosynthesis or metabolism of dopamine such as aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase or DOPA...
Threonine (symbol Thr or T) is an amino acid that is used in the biosynthesisof proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH+...
Indigo. Indole alkaloids are distinguished depending on their biosynthesis. The two types of indole alkaloids are isoprenoids and non-isoprenoids. The latter...
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