Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Chemical compound
Taurine (/ˈtɔːriːn/), or 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, is a non-proteinogenic naturally occurred amino sulfonic acid that is widely distributed in animal tissues.[1] It is a major constituent of bile and can be found in the large intestine, and accounts for up to 0.1% of total human body weight.
Taurine is named after Latin taurus (cognate to Ancient Greek ταῦρος, taûros) meaning bull or ox, as it was first isolated from ox bile in 1827 by German scientists Friedrich Tiedemann and Leopold Gmelin.[2] It was discovered in human bile in 1846 by Edmund Ronalds.[3]
Although taurine is abundant in human organs with diverse putative roles, it is not an essential human dietary nutrient and is not included among nutrients with a recommended intake level.[4] Taurine is commonly sold as a dietary supplement, but there is no good clinical evidence that taurine supplements provide any benefit to human health.[5] Taurine is used as a food additive for cats (who require it as an essential nutrient), dogs, and poultry.[6]
Taurine concentrations in land plants are low or undetectable, but up to 1000 nmol/g wet weight have been found in algae.[7][8]
^Schuller-Levis GB, Park E (September 2003). "Taurine: new implications for an old amino acid". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 226 (2): 195–202. doi:10.1016/S0378-1097(03)00611-6. PMID 14553911.
^Tiedemann F, Gmelin L (1827). "Einige neue Bestandtheile der Galle des Ochsen". Annalen der Physik. 85 (2): 326–337. Bibcode:1827AnP....85..326T. doi:10.1002/andp.18270850214.
^Ronalds BF (2019). "Bringing Together Academic and Industrial Chemistry: Edmund Ronald' Contribution". Substantia. 3 (1): 139–152.
^"Daily Value on the New Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". US Food and Drug Administration. 25 February 2022. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
^"Taurine". Drugs.com. 15 May 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
^EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (2012). "Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of taurine as a feed additive for all animal species". EFSA Journal. 10 (6): 2736. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2736.
^Kataoka H, Ohnishi N (1986). "Occurrence of Taurine in Plants". Agricultural and Biological Chemistry. 50 (7): 1887–1888. doi:10.1271/bbb1961.50.1887.
^McCusker S, Buff PR, Yu Z, Fascetti AJ (2014). "Amino acid content of selected plant, algae and insect species: a search for alternative protein sources for use in pet foods". Journal of Nutritional Science. 3: e39. doi:10.1017/jns.2014.33. ISSN 2048-6790. PMC 4473169. PMID 26101608.
Taurine (/ˈtɔːriːn/), or 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, is a non-proteinogenic naturally occurred amino sulfonic acid that is widely distributed in animal...
not be killed. Small breeds such as the miniature Zebu are kept as pets. Taurine cattle are widely distributed across Europe and temperate areas of Asia...
The Brahman is an American breed of zebuine-taurine hybrid beef cattle. It was bred in the United States from 1885 from cattle originating in India, imported...
relation to taurine cattle, zebu cattle (indicine), and native African varieties of the ancestral aurochs are a matter of debate. "African taurine", "sanga"...
Terme Taurine, also known as the Taurine Baths, is a large elaborate ancient Roman baths complex located about 4 km east of the city of Civitavecchia....
In enzymology, a taurine dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.99.2) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction. taurine + H2O + acceptor ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons...
about taurine. A review published in 2008 found no documented reports of negative or positive health effects associated with the amount of taurine used...
Postnatal taurine deficiency in the kitten results in a persistence of the cerebellar external granule cell layer: correction by taurine feeding. Journal...
originating in South Asia. Zebu, like many Sanga cattle breeds, differs from taurine cattle by a fatty hump on their shoulders, a large dewlap, and sometimes...
N2-(D-1-carboxyethyl)taurine:NAD+ oxidoreductase (taurine-forming). This enzyme is also called 2-N-(D-1-carboxyethyl)taurine:NAD+ oxidoreductase (taurine-forming)...
2009. Retrieved 2009-04-26. Elsik, C.G. # (2009). "The genome sequence of taurine cattle: a window to ruminant biology and evolution". Science. 324 (5926)...
several states, a product reintroduction in December 2010 removed caffeine, taurine, and guarana as ingredients, and the malt beverage is no longer marketed...
Southeast Asia. Bos taurus (or Bos taurus taurus), typically referred to as "taurine" cattle, are generally adapted to cooler climates and include almost all...
Daeng was first devised in 1975. It contains water, cane sugar, caffeine, taurine, inositol and B-vitamins. It was introduced in Thailand in 1976 as a refreshment...
the Lipovitan product line is taurine. Stronger formulas of the drink include Lipovitan D, which contains 1000 mg of taurine, 20 mg of nicotinic acid extract...
In enzymology, a taurine dioxygenase (EC 1.14.11.17) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction. taurine + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 ⇌{\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons...
diet-related DCM, food changes, taurine and carnitine supplementation may be indicated even if the dog does not have a documented taurine or carnitine deficiency...
superoxide oxidation of taurine, including in cooked food. Grove, Roxanna Q.; Karpowicz, Steven J. (2017). "Reaction of hypotaurine or taurine with superoxide...
caffeine, taurine, alcohol or the effects of exercise. The Panel also concluded, based on the data available, that additive interactions between taurine and...
appear unable to synthesize essential nutrients such as retinol, arginine, taurine, and arachidonic acid; thus, in nature, they must consume flesh to supply...
Magnesium taurate, also known as magnesium ditaurate, is the magnesium salt of taurine, and a mineral supplement. It contains approximately 8.9% elemental magnesium...
Charolais (French: [ʃaʁɔlɛ]) or Charolaise ([ʃaʁɔlɛz]) is a French breed of taurine beef cattle. It originates in, and is named for, the Charolais area surrounding...
pro-inflammatory actions. Taurine is an amino acid, which is essential in cat diets due to their low capacity to synthesize it. Taurine has the ability to cross...
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