Global Information Lookup Global Information

Alkaloid information


The first individual alkaloid, morphine, was isolated in 1804 from the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum).[1]

Alkaloids are a class of basic, naturally occurring organic compounds that contain at least one nitrogen atom. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral[2] and even weakly acidic properties.[3] Some synthetic compounds of similar structure may also be termed alkaloids.[4] In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen or sulfur. More rarely still, they may contain elements such as phosphorus, chlorine, and bromine.[5]

Alkaloids are produced by a large variety of organisms including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals.[6] They can be purified from crude extracts of these organisms by acid-base extraction, or solvent extractions followed by silica-gel column chromatography.[7] Alkaloids have a wide range of pharmacological activities including antimalarial (e.g. quinine), antiasthma (e.g. ephedrine), anticancer (e.g. homoharringtonine),[8] cholinomimetic (e.g. galantamine),[9] vasodilatory (e.g. vincamine), antiarrhythmic (e.g. quinidine), analgesic (e.g. morphine),[10] antibacterial (e.g. chelerythrine),[11] and antihyperglycemic activities (e.g. berberine).[12][13] Many have found use in traditional or modern medicine, or as starting points for drug discovery. Other alkaloids possess psychotropic (e.g. psilocin) and stimulant activities (e.g. cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, theobromine),[14] and have been used in entheogenic rituals or as recreational drugs. Alkaloids can be toxic too (e.g. atropine, tubocurarine).[15] Although alkaloids act on a diversity of metabolic systems in humans and other animals, they almost uniformly evoke a bitter taste.[16]

The boundary between alkaloids and other nitrogen-containing natural compounds is not clear-cut.[17] Compounds like amino acid peptides, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acid, amines, and antibiotics are usually not called alkaloids.[2] Natural compounds containing nitrogen in the exocyclic position (mescaline, serotonin, dopamine, etc.) are usually classified as amines rather than as alkaloids.[18] Some authors, however, consider alkaloids a special case of amines.[19][20][21]

  1. ^ Luch, Andreas (2009). Molecular, Clinical and Environmental Toxicology, Volume 1: Molecular Toxicology. Vol. 1. Springer. p. 20. ISBN 9783764383367. OCLC 1056390214.
  2. ^ a b IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "alkaloids". doi:10.1351/goldbook.A00220
  3. ^ Manske, R. H. F. (12 May 2014). The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Physiology, Volume 8. Vol. 8. Saint Louis: Elsevier. pp. 683–695. ISBN 9781483222004. OCLC 1090491824.
  4. ^ Lewis, Robert Alan (23 March 1998). Lewis' Dictionary of Toxicology. CRC Press. p. 51. ISBN 9781566702232. OCLC 1026521889.
  5. ^ "АЛКАЛОИДЫ - Химическая энциклопедия" [Alkaloids - Chemical Encyclopedia]. www.xumuk.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  6. ^ Roberts, M. F. (Margaret F.); Wink, Michael (1998). Alkaloids: Biochemistry, Ecology, and Medicinal Applications. Boston: Springer US. ISBN 9781475729054. OCLC 851770197.
  7. ^ Gonçalves Paterson Fox, Eduardo; Russ Solis, Daniel; Delazari dos Santos, Lucilene; Aparecido dos Santos Pinto, Jose Roberto; Ribeiro da Silva Menegasso, Anally; Cardoso Maciel Costa Silva, Rafael; Sergio Palma, Mario; Correa Bueno, Odair; de Alcântara Machado, Ednildo (April 2013). "A simple, rapid method for the extraction of whole fire ant venom (Insecta: Formicidae: Solenopsis)". Toxicon. 65: 5–8. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.12.009. hdl:11449/74946. PMID 23333648.
  8. ^ Kittakoop P, Mahidol C, Ruchirawat S (2014). "Alkaloids as important scaffolds in therapeutic drugs for the treatments of cancer, tuberculosis, and smoking cessation". Curr Top Med Chem. 14 (2): 239–252. doi:10.2174/1568026613666131216105049. PMID 24359196.
  9. ^ Russo P, Frustaci A, Del Bufalo A, Fini M, Cesario A (2013). "Multitarget drugs of plants origin acting on Alzheimer's disease". Curr Med Chem. 20 (13): 1686–93. doi:10.2174/0929867311320130008. PMID 23410167.
  10. ^ Raymond S. Sinatra; Jonathan S. Jahr; J. Michael Watkins-Pitchford (2010). The Essence of Analgesia and Analgesics. Cambridge University Press. pp. 82–90. ISBN 978-1139491983.
  11. ^ Cushnie TP, Cushnie B, Lamb AJ (2014). "Alkaloids: An overview of their antibacterial, antibiotic-enhancing and antivirulence activities". Int J Antimicrob Agents. 44 (5): 377–386. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.06.001. PMID 25130096. S2CID 205171789.
  12. ^ Singh, Sukhpal; Bansal, Abhishek; Singh, Vikramjeet; Chopra, Tanya; Poddar, Jit (June 2022). "Flavonoids, alkaloids and terpenoids: a new hope for the treatment of diabetes mellitus". Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders. 21 (1): 941–950. doi:10.1007/s40200-021-00943-8. ISSN 2251-6581. PMC 9167359. PMID 35673446.
  13. ^ Behl, Tapan; Gupta, Amit; Albratty, Mohammed; Najmi, Asim; Meraya, Abdulkarim M.; Alhazmi, Hassan A.; Anwer, Md. Khalid; Bhatia, Saurabh; Bungau, Simona Gabriela (9 September 2022). "Alkaloidal Phytoconstituents for Diabetes Management: Exploring the Unrevealed Potential". Molecules. 27 (18): 5851. doi:10.3390/molecules27185851. ISSN 1420-3049. PMC 9501853. PMID 36144587.
  14. ^ "Alkaloid". 18 December 2007.
  15. ^ Robbers JE, Speedie MK, Tyler VE (1996). "Chapter 9: Alkaloids". Pharmacognosy and Pharmacobiotechnology. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. pp. 143–185. ISBN 978-0683085006.
  16. ^ Rhoades, David F (1979). "Evolution of Plant Chemical Defense against Herbivores". In Rosenthal, Gerald A.; Janzen, Daniel H (eds.). Herbivores: Their Interaction with Secondary Plant Metabolites. New York: Academic Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-12-597180-5.
  17. ^ Robert A. Meyers Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology – Alkaloids, 3rd edition. ISBN 0-12-227411-3
  18. ^ Cseke, Leland J.; Kirakosyan, Ara; Kaufman, Peter B.; Warber, Sara; Duke, James A.; Brielmann, Harry L. (19 April 2016). Natural Products from Plants. CRC Press. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-4200-0447-2.
  19. ^ Johnson, Alyn William (1999). Invitation to Organic Chemistry. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 433. ISBN 978-0-7637-0432-2.
  20. ^ Bansal, Raj K. (2003). A Textbook of Organic Chemistry. New Age International Limited. p. 644. ISBN 978-81-224-1459-2.
  21. ^ Aniszewski, p. 110

and 28 Related for: Alkaloid information

Request time (Page generated in 0.609 seconds.)

Alkaloid

Last Update:

Alkaloids are a class of basic, naturally occurring organic compounds that contain at least one nitrogen atom. This group also includes some related compounds...

Word Count : 5401

Tropane alkaloid

Last Update:

Tropane alkaloids are a class of bicyclic [3.2.1] alkaloids and secondary metabolites that contain a tropane ring in their chemical structure. Tropane...

Word Count : 626

Aporphine alkaloids

Last Update:

Aporphine alkaloids are naturally occurring chemical compounds from the group of alkaloids. After the benzylisoquinoline alkaloids they are the second...

Word Count : 513

Harmala alkaloid

Last Update:

Harmala alkaloids are several alkaloids that increase effects of reward system neurotransmitter dopamine by acting as monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)...

Word Count : 1520

Coca alkaloid

Last Update:

Coca alkaloids are the alkaloids found in the coca plant, Erythroxylum coca. They are predominantly of either the pyrrolidine or the tropane types. Benzoylecgonine...

Word Count : 92

Indole alkaloid

Last Update:

Indole alkaloids are a class of alkaloids containing a structural moiety of indole; many indole alkaloids also include isoprene groups and are thus called...

Word Count : 3376

Ergoline

Last Update:

skeleton is contained in a variety of alkaloids, referred to as ergoline derivatives or ergoline alkaloids. Ergoline alkaloids, one being ergine, were initially...

Word Count : 2424

RK Alkaloid

Last Update:

RK Alkaloid (Macedonian: РК Алкалоид) is a Macedonian team handball club from Skopje, that plays in the Macedonian Super League. Skopje The club was founded...

Word Count : 254

Conium alkaloids

Last Update:

Conium alkaloids are natural products of the piperidine alkaloid type. Conium alkaloids are found in spotted hemlock. The mature fruits may contain up...

Word Count : 208

Cinchona

Last Update:

medicinal value, as the bark of several species yields quinine and other alkaloids. These were the only effective treatments against malaria during the height...

Word Count : 4731

Piperidine alkaloids

Last Update:

Piperidine alkaloids are naturally occurring chemical compounds from the group of alkaloids, which are chemically derived from piperidine. Alkaloids with a...

Word Count : 104

Datura stramonium

Last Update:

(anticholinergic syndrome) with a potentially fatal outcome. It contains tropane alkaloids which are responsible for the psychoactive effects, and may be severely...

Word Count : 4632

List of Acacia species known to contain psychoactive alkaloids

Last Update:

psychoactive alkaloids, or are suspected of containing such alkaloids due to being psychoactive. The presence and constitution of alkaloids in nature can...

Word Count : 1335

Taxine alkaloids

Last Update:

Taxine alkaloids, which are often named under the collective title of taxines, are the toxic chemicals that can be isolated from the yew tree. The amount...

Word Count : 2858

Steroidal alkaloid

Last Update:

sterols. They fall in two major categories: Solanum alkaloids and Veratrum alkaloids. A Steroidal alkaloid has also been found in Chonemorpha fragrans (Frangipani...

Word Count : 2495

Pyrrolizidine alkaloid

Last Update:

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), sometimes referred to as necine bases, are a group of naturally occurring alkaloids based on the structure of pyrrolizidine...

Word Count : 3553

Erythrina alkaloids

Last Update:

Erythrina alkaloids, generally containing benzyl-tetrahydroisoquinoline structure, are widely distributed in Erythrina species, a genus of plants which...

Word Count : 1283

Furoquinoline alkaloid

Last Update:

Furoquinoline alkaloids are a group of alkaloids with simple structure. Distribution of this group of alkaloids is essentially limited to plant family...

Word Count : 792

Vinca alkaloid

Last Update:

Vinca alkaloids are a set of anti-mitotic and anti-microtubule alkaloid agents originally derived from the periwinkle plant Catharanthus roseus (basionym...

Word Count : 934

Opium and Alkaloid Works

Last Update:

The Government Opium and Alkaloid Factories (GOAF) is an Indian government-owned organisation. Its headquarter is located in New Delhi. The overall supervision...

Word Count : 857

Flavonoid alkaloid

Last Update:

A flavonoid alkaloid also known as a flavoalkaloid is a type of natural product produced by plants that contains both a flavonoid core structure and a...

Word Count : 294

Ergot

Last Update:

ergot fungus"). This fungus grows on rye and related plants, and produces alkaloids that can cause ergotism in humans and other mammals who consume grains...

Word Count : 5815

Atropa belladonna

Last Update:

foliage and berries are extremely toxic when ingested, containing tropane alkaloids. These toxins include atropine, scopolamine, and hyoscyamine, which cause...

Word Count : 5149

Strychnine

Last Update:

chiefly /-naɪn/ -⁠nyne) is a highly toxic, colorless, bitter, crystalline alkaloid used as a pesticide, particularly for killing small vertebrates such as...

Word Count : 5168

Coca tea

Last Update:

the coca plant contain alkaloids that—when extracted chemically—are the source for cocaine base. The amount of coca alkaloid in the raw leaves is small...

Word Count : 606

Imidazole alkaloids

Last Update:

Imidazole alkaloids are a group of alkaloids whose basic structure contains the imidazole ring system. In nature, imidazole alkaloids are found both as...

Word Count : 259

Solanaceae

Last Update:

spices, weeds, and ornamentals. Many members of the family contain potent alkaloids, and some are highly toxic, but many—including tomatoes, potatoes, eggplant...

Word Count : 7829

Quinoline alkaloids

Last Update:

Quinoline alkaloids are naturally occurring chemical compounds from the group of alkaloids, which are chemically derived from quinoline. Some quinoline...

Word Count : 210

PDF Search Engine © AllGlobal.net