Process where substrates are converted into more complex products in living organisms
In molecular biology, biosynthesis is a multi-step, enzyme-catalyzed process where substrates are converted into more complex products in living organisms. In biosynthesis, simple compounds are modified, converted into other compounds, or joined to form macromolecules. This process often consists of metabolic pathways. Some of these biosynthetic pathways are located within a single cellular organelle, while others involve enzymes that are located within multiple cellular organelles. Examples of these biosynthetic pathways include the production of lipid membrane components and nucleotides. Biosynthesis is usually synonymous with anabolism.
The prerequisite elements for biosynthesis include: precursor compounds, chemical energy (e.g. ATP), and catalytic enzymes which may need coenzymes (e.g. NADH, NADPH). These elements create monomers, the building blocks for macromolecules. Some important biological macromolecules include: proteins, which are composed of amino acid monomers joined via peptide bonds, and DNA molecules, which are composed of nucleotides joined via phosphodiester bonds.
biosynthesis is a multi-step, enzyme-catalyzed process where substrates are converted into more complex products in living organisms. In biosynthesis...
Protein biosynthesis (or protein synthesis) is a core biological process, occurring inside cells, balancing the loss of cellular proteins (via degradation...
alkaloid biosynthesis are too numerous and cannot be easily classified. However, there are a few typical reactions involved in the biosynthesis of various...
cholesterol for growth. Cholesterol also serves as a precursor for the biosynthesis of steroid hormones, bile acid and vitamin D. Elevated levels of cholesterol...
sensitivity during daytime, thereby counteracting leptin resistance. The biosynthesis of melatonin in animals involves a sequence of enzymatic reactions starting...
During the Biosynthesis of Haem and Chlorophylls: Mechanistic and Stereochemical Studies". Ciba Foundation Symposium 180 - the Biosynthesis of the Tetrapyrrole...
they serve as the starting compounds for all other steroids. Steroid biosynthesis is an anabolic pathway which produces steroids from simple precursors...
L-aspartic acid as the precursor for the biosynthesis of one-fourth of the building block amino acids. The biosynthesis of aspartate frequently involves the...
Cobalamin biosynthesis is the process by which bacteria and archea make cobalamin, vitamin B12. Many steps are involved in converting aminolevulinic acid...
Battersby AR, Binks R, Harper BJ (1962-01-01). "692. Alkaloid biosynthesis. Part II. The biosynthesis of morphine". Journal of the Chemical Society: 3534–3544...
Subsequently, PLP-AT catalyses the reverse reaction to that of the AAA biosynthesis pathway, resulting in AAA being converted to α-ketoadipate. The product...
Davis, Edward M.; Croteau, Rodney (2000). "Cyclization Enzymes in the Biosynthesis of Monoterpenes, Sesquiterpenes, and Diterpenes". Topics in Current Chemistry...
of clavulanic acid looks structurally similar to penicillin, but the biosynthesis of this molecule involves a different biochemical pathway. Clavulanic...
Hemoglobin (haemoglobin, Hb or Hgb) is a protein containing iron that facilitates the transport of oxygen in red blood cells. Almost all vertebrates contain...
proanthocyanidins (tannins) and a host of other various polyphenolics. Flavonoid Biosynthesis Diagrams Flavanoids can possess chiral carbons. Methods of analysis should...
Ammonia is an inorganic chemical compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3. A stable binary hydride and the simplest pnictogen hydride, ammonia...
ascorbic acid. This biosynthesis is regulated following a diurnal rhythm. Enzyme expression peaks in the morning to supporting biosynthesis for when mid-day...
The biosynthesis of isoflavonoids involves several enzymes; These are: Liquiritigenin,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating, aryl migration), also...
The biosynthesis of cocaine has long attracted the attention of biochemists and organic chemists. This interest is partly motivated by the strong physiological...
Durand-Carbajal M, Díaz L (January 2015). "Regulation of calcitriol biosynthesis and activity: focus on gestational vitamin D deficiency and adverse pregnancy...
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis". Trans Fatty Acids. Blackwell. p. 12. ISBN 9780470698075. "MetaCyc pathway: superpathway of fatty acids biosynthesis (E. coli)"...
Jones ME (1980). "Pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis in animals: genes, enzymes, and regulation of UMP biosynthesis". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 49 (1):...
chain, further agglomerate to form initials of starch granules. The biosynthesis and expansion of granules represent a complex molecular event that can...
Phospholipids are a class of lipids whose molecule has a hydrophilic "head" containing a phosphate group and two hydrophobic "tails" derived from fatty...
array of products we recognize as bioactive eicosanoids. Eicosanoid biosynthesis begins when a cell is activated by mechanical trauma, ischemia, other...
hormones, testosterone is derived from cholesterol . The first step in the biosynthesis involves the oxidative cleavage of the side-chain of cholesterol by cholesterol...
is then oxidized to taurine as described above. A pathway for taurine biosynthesis from serine and sulfate is reported in microalgae, developing chicken...
Tryptophan (symbol Trp or W) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Tryptophan contains an α-amino group, an α-carboxylic acid...
Histidine (symbol His or H) is an essential amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated...
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