Flavonoids are synthesized by the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway in which the amino acid phenylalanine is used to produce 4-coumaroyl-CoA.[1] This can be combined with malonyl-CoA to yield the true backbone of flavonoids, a group of compounds called chalcones, which contain two phenyl rings. Conjugate ring-closure of chalcones results in the familiar form of flavonoids, the three-ringed structure of a flavone. The metabolic pathway continues through a series of enzymatic modifications to yield flavanones → dihydroflavonols → anthocyanins. Along this pathway, many products can be formed, including the flavonols, flavan-3-ols, proanthocyanidins (tannins) and a host of other various polyphenolics.
Flavonoid Biosynthesis Diagrams
Biosynthesis of catechin
A biochemical diagram showing the class of flavonoids and their source in nature through various inter-related plant species.
Flavanoids can possess chiral carbons. Methods of analysis should take this element into account[2] especially regarding bioactivity or enzyme stereospecificity.[3]
^Ververidis Filippos, F; Trantas Emmanouil; Douglas Carl; Vollmer Guenter; Kretzschmar Georg; Panopoulos Nickolas (October 2007). "Biotechnology of flavonoids and other phenylpropanoid-derived natural products. Part I: Chemical diversity, impacts on plant biology and human health". Biotechnology Journal. 2 (10): 1214–34. doi:10.1002/biot.200700084. PMID 17935117.
^Methods of analysis and separation of chiral flavonoids. Jaime A. Yáñeza, Preston K. Andrewsb and Neal M. Journal of Chromatography B, Volume 848, Issue 2, 1 April 2007, Pages 159-181
^A theoretical study of the conformational behavior and electronic structure of taxifolin correlated with the free radical-scavenging activity. Patrick Trouillas, Catherine Fagnère, Roberto Lazzaroni, Claude Calliste, Abdelghafour Marfak and Jean-Luc Duroux, Food Chemistry, Volume 88, Issue 4, December 2004, Pages 571-582
and 18 Related for: Flavonoid biosynthesis information
proanthocyanidins (tannins) and a host of other various polyphenolics. FlavonoidBiosynthesis Diagrams Flavanoids can possess chiral carbons. Methods of analysis...
phytochrome-mediated flavonoidbiosynthesis has been observed in Amaranthus, barley, maize, Sorghum and turnip. Red light promotes flavonoid synthesis. Research...
the flavonoidbiosynthesis pathway. Chalcone synthase, the first enzyme of this pathway, produces chalcone from 4-coumaroyl-CoA. All flavonoids are derived...
Schwab, W (2010). "The strawberry fruit Fra a allergen functions in flavonoidbiosynthesis". Molecular Plant. 3 (1): 113–24. doi:10.1093/mp/ssp087. PMID 19969523...
Isoflavonoids are derived from the flavonoidbiosynthesis pathway via liquiritigenin or naringenin. While flavonoids (in the narrow sense) have the 2-phenylchromen-4-one...
naringenin chalcone. CHS catalysis serves as the initial step for flavonoidbiosynthesis. Flavonoids are important plant secondary metabolites that serve various...
Kumar V, Treutter D, Duy D, Gosch C, et al. (November 2004). "Flavonoidbiosynthesis in the tea plant Camellia sinensis: properties of enzymes of the...
Quercetin is a plant flavonol from the flavonoid group of polyphenols. It is found in many fruits, vegetables, leaves, seeds, and grains; capers, red...
"A targeted metabolomics approach to understand differences in flavonoidbiosynthesis in red and yellow raspberries". Plant Physiology and Biochemistry...
The biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids involves a number of enzymes. In plants, all phenylpropanoids are derived from the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine...
hornworts' secrets | EurekAlert! Science News The Evolution of FlavonoidBiosynthesis: A Bryophyte Perspective Meeks, JC (1998). "Symbiosis between nitrogen-fixing...
doi:10.1093/jxb/erf005. PMID 12096095. Winkel-Shirley, B. (2001). "FlavonoidBiosynthesis. A Colorful Model for Genetics, Biochemistry, Cell Biology, and...
alkaloid biosynthesis are too numerous and cannot be easily classified. However, there are a few typical reactions involved in the biosynthesis of various...
doi:10.1093/jn/129.5.957. PMID 10222386. Winkel-Shirley, B. (2001). "FlavonoidBiosynthesis. A Colorful Model for Genetics, Biochemistry, Cell Biology, and...
anthocyanins. Anthocyanins belong to a parent class of molecules called flavonoids synthesized via the phenylpropanoid pathway. They can occur in all tissues...
oxidoreductase (dehydrating). This enzyme participates in flavonoidbiosynthesis and isoflavonoid biosynthesis. Martens S, Forkmann G, Matern U, Lukacin R (2001)...