Subfield of evolutionary biology and virology concerned with the evolution of viruses
Viral evolution is a subfield of evolutionary biology and virology that is specifically concerned with the evolution of viruses.[1][2] Viruses have short generation times, and many—in particular RNA viruses—have relatively high mutation rates (on the order of one point mutation or more per genome per round of replication). Although most viral mutations confer no benefit and often even prove deleterious to viruses, the rapid rate of viral mutation combined with natural selection allows viruses to quickly adapt to changes in their host environment. In addition, because viruses typically produce many copies in an infected host, mutated genes can be passed on to many offspring quickly. Although the chance of mutations and evolution can change depending on the type of virus (e.g., double stranded DNA, double stranded RNA, single strand DNA), viruses overall have high chances for mutations.
Viral evolution is an important aspect of the epidemiology of viral diseases such as influenza (influenza virus), AIDS (HIV), and hepatitis (e.g. HCV). The rapidity of viral mutation also causes problems in the development of successful vaccines and antiviral drugs, as resistant mutations often appear within weeks or months after the beginning of a treatment. One of the main theoretical models applied to viral evolution is the quasispecies model, which defines a viral quasispecies as a group of closely related viral strains competing within an environment.
^Mahy & Van Regenmortel 2009, p. 24
^Villarreal L (2005). Viruses and the Evolution of Life. ASM Press. ISBN 978-1555813093.
Viralevolution is a subfield of evolutionary biology and virology that is specifically concerned with the evolution of viruses. Viruses have short generation...
needed] Viralevolution or evolution of viruses presumably started from the beginning of the second age of RNA world, when different types of viral genomes...
can occur when viruses infect cells simultaneously and studies of viralevolution have shown that recombination has been rampant in the species studied...
A viral video is a video that becomes popular through a viral process of Internet sharing, typically through video sharing websites such as YouTube as...
endogenous viral element (EVE) is a DNA sequence derived from a virus, and present within the germline of a non-viral organism. EVEs may be entire viral genomes...
Viral vectors are modified viruses designed to deliver genetic material into cells. This process can be performed inside a living organism or in cell...
belonging to the gammaretroviral genus of the Retroviridae family. The viral particles of replicating MLVs have C-type morphology as determined by electron...
driving force in determining genome architecture and the course of viralevolution among Picornaviridae ((+)ssRNA), e.g. poliovirus. In the Retroviridae...
system, the frequency of the occurrence of genetic variation in the major viral species is reduced. They used five control patients and four patients with...
Shackelton LA, Parrish CR, Truyen U, Holmes EC (2005). "High rate of viralevolution associated with the emergence of carnivore parvovirus". Proc. Natl...
A viral quasispecies is a population structure of viruses with a large number of variant genomes (related by mutations). Quasispecies result from high...
replicate. Helper viruses are also commonly used to replicate and spread viral vectors for gene expression and gene therapy. Helper dependent virus Virophage...
cells, meaning that there was co-evolution of viruses and host cells. If host cells did not exist, viralevolution would be impossible. As for reproduction...
theorize that memes are a viral phenomenon that may evolve by natural selection in a manner analogous to that of biological evolution. Memes do this through...
management of HIV is the virus's pronounced genetic variability and rapid viralevolution. HIV-1 is the most common and most pathogenic strain of the virus....
can cause evolution of their hosts, and the signatures of that evolution can be found and interpreted in the present day. Also, some viral genetic fragments...
A helper dependent virus, also termed a gutless virus, is a synthetic viral vector dependent on the assistance of a helper virus in order to replicate...
properties of viruses in the family Rhabdoviridae, as well as to study viralevolution. Indiana vesiculovirus is the prototypic member of the genus Vesiculovirus...
far worse damage. It has also been suggested that viral rhinorrhea is a result of viralevolution whereby virus variants that increase nasal secretion...
vertebrate paleontology (a.k.a. vertebrate paleobiology or paleozoology) – viralevolution – The Voyage of the Beagle – vestigiality Alfred Russel Wallace – Wallace...
molecular evolution of SARS-Cov-2 origins". bioRxiv 10.1101/2020.04.20.052019. Yeh TY, Contreras GP (1 July 2021). "Viral transmission and evolution dynamics...
Allen JD, Ross TM (2018). "H3N2 influenza viruses in humans: Viral mechanisms, evolution, and evaluation". Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics. 14 (8):...
study their characteristics and evolution refer to them as mobile genetic elements. This is based on the fact that viral agents are simple particles or...
inhibit viral replication, may help to develop new therapeutic approaches against virus infections in animal and plant cells. Viralevolution Netherton...
from 1993 to 1994. He is best known for his performance in the "Evolution of Dance" viral video clip, which became one of the most famous YouTube videos...
driving force in determining genome architecture and the course of viralevolution among Picornaviridae ((+)ssRNA) (e.g. poliovirus). In the Retroviridae...
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