Parts of this article (those related to taxonomy in baltimore sections [ICTV release 2018b→2019]) need to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(January 2021)
Taxonomy and replication strategies of different types of RNA viruses
An RNA virus is a virus—other than a retrovirus—that has ribonucleic acid (RNA) as its genetic material.[1] The nucleic acid is usually single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) but it may be double-stranded (dsRNA).[2] Notable human diseases caused by RNA viruses include the common cold, influenza, SARS, MERS, COVID-19, Dengue virus, hepatitis C, hepatitis E, West Nile fever, Ebola virus disease, rabies, polio, mumps, and measles.
The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) classifies RNA viruses as those that belong to Group III, Group IV or Group V of the Baltimore classification system. This category excludes Group VI, viruses with RNA genetic material but which use DNA intermediates in their life cycle: these are called retroviruses,[3] including HIV-1 and HIV-2 which cause AIDS.
As of May 2020, all known RNA viruses encoding an RNA-directed RNA polymerase are believed to form a monophyletic group, known as the realm Riboviria.[4] The majority of such RNA viruses fall into the kingdom Orthornavirae and the rest have a positioning not yet defined.[5] The realm does not contain all RNA viruses: Deltavirus, Asunviroidae, and Pospiviroidae are taxa of RNA viruses that were mistakenly included in 2019,[a] but corrected in 2020.[6]
^Wagner, Edward K.; Hewlett, Martinez J. (1999). Basic virology. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science, Inc. p. 249. ISBN 0-632-04299-0. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
^Cite error: The named reference Pattonrnav was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^"Listing in Taxonomic Order – Index to ICTV Species Lists". Retrieved 11 April 2008.
^International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses Executive Committee (May 2020). "The new scope of virus taxonomy: partitioning the virosphere into 15 hierarchical ranks". Nature Microbiology. 5 (5): 668–674. doi:10.1038/s41564-020-0709-x. PMC 7186216. PMID 32341570.
^TaxoProp 2019.006G
^TaxoProp 2019.009G
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RNAvirus is a virus—other than a retrovirus—that has ribonucleic acid (RNA) as its genetic material. The nucleic acid is usually single-stranded RNA...
genetic material, i.e., long molecules of DNA or RNA that encode the structure of the proteins by which the virus acts; (ii) a protein coat, the capsid, which...
used to classify viruses based on their manner of messenger RNA (mRNA) synthesis. By organizing viruses based on their manner of mRNA production, it is...
classification system can be used to place viruses into one of seven groups based on their manner of mRNA synthesis. Specific naming conventions and further...
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a pathogen that causes the flu in birds and some mammals, including humans. It is an RNAvirus whose subtypes have been isolated...
great majority have an RNA genome, which is usually small and single stranded (ss), but some viruses have double-stranded (ds) RNA, ssDNA or dsDNA genomes...
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a positive-sense single-stranded RNAvirus species in the genus Tobamovirus that infects a wide range of plants, especially...
a ribonucleoprotein complex in which RNA is tightly bound by the viral nucleoprotein. The RNA genome of the virus encodes five genes whose order is highly...
Orthornavirae is a kingdom of viruses that have genomes made of ribonucleic acid (RNA), including genes which encode an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). The...
West Nile virus (WNV) is a single-stranded RNAvirus that causes West Nile fever. It is a member of the family Flaviviridae, from the genus Flavivirus...
A retrovirus is a type of virus that inserts a DNA copy of its RNA genome into the DNA of a host cell that it invades, thus changing the genome of that...
infections of the respiratory tract. It is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNAvirus. Its name is derived from the large cells known as syncytia that form...
directs synthesis of specific proteins. Many viruses encode their genetic information using an RNA genome. Some RNA molecules play an active role within cells...
group of related nonenveloped RNAviruses which infect vertebrates including fish, mammals, and birds. They are viruses that represent a large family...
Riboviria, because of its RNA genome and RNA dependent RNA polymerase. In 2020, Ruhugu virus and Rustrela virus joined Rubella virus as second and third of...
composition—only RNA and a nonenveloped icosahedral protein coat that encapsulates it—poliovirus is widely regarded as the simplest significant virus. Poliovirus...
"oncornaviruses" was used to denote their RNAvirus origin. With the letters "RNA" removed, it now refers to any virus with a DNA or RNA genome causing cancer and is...
romanized: rhinos "of the nose", and the Latin: vīrus) is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNAvirus belonging to the genus Enterovirus in the family...
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV or hMPV) is a negative-sense single-stranded RNAvirus of the family Pneumoviridae and is closely related to the Avian metapneumovirus...
positive-strand RNAviruses in the family Flaviviridae. The genus includes the West Nile virus, dengue virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, yellow fever virus, Zika...
C virus (HCV) is a small (55–65 nm in size), enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNAvirus of the family Flaviviridae. The hepatitis C virus is...
distemper is caused by a single-stranded RNAvirus of the family Paramyxoviridae (the same family of viruses that causes measles, mumps, and bronchiolitis...
genes involved in them. Most DNA viruses assemble in the nucleus while most RNAviruses develop solely in cytoplasm. Viruses multiply only in living cells...
Marburg virus (MARV) is a hemorrhagic fever virus of the Filoviridae family of viruses and a member of the species Marburg marburgvirus, genus Marburgvirus...
Coronaviruses are a group of related RNAviruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds. In humans and birds, they cause respiratory tract infections...
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