Biotechnology to deliver genetic material into a cell
A 2021 U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention poster on the COVID-19 viral vector vaccines
Viral vectors are modified viruses designed to deliver genetic material into cells. This process can be performed inside a living organism or in cell culture. They have widespread applications for use in basic research, therapies, and vaccines.
Viruses have evolved specialized molecular mechanisms to efficiently target and transport their genomes into infected cells, a process termed transduction. Viral vectors may integrate the genetic material—the transgene—into the host genome, although non-integrative vectors have also been designed. Viral vectors are widely used in gene therapy due to their specific tropism and efficient transgene expression: as of 2022, all approved gene therapies were viral vector-based. Compared to traditional vaccines, the intracellular antigen expression enabled by viral vector vaccines offers robust activation of both the innate and adaptive immune system.
Molecular biologists first harnessed this machinery in the 1970s. In 1972, Paul Berg demonstarted the first viral vector, a modified SV40 virus. However, recombinant DNA research was temporarily suspended following the Asilomar Conference. Following the creation of formal policies by the National Institutes of Health, work proceeded. The 1980s saw both the first recombinant viral vector gene therapy and the first viral vector vaccine. Although the 1990s saw significant advances in viral vector design and genetics, viral vector clinical trials had a number of setbacks, culminating in the death of patient Jesse Gelsinger.
However, the 2000s saw a clinical resurgence of viral vector vaccines, partly due to the development of ex vivo viral vector gene therapy. Viral vectors have been globally approved for the treatment of various diseases. During the COVID-19 pandemic, billions of people received viral vector vaccines.
Viralvectors are modified viruses designed to deliver genetic material into cells. This process can be performed inside a living organism or in cell...
A viralvector vaccine is a vaccine that uses a viralvector to deliver genetic material (DNA) that can be transcribed by the recipient's host cells as...
divided into two categories, recombinant viruses and synthetic vectors (viral and non-viral). In complex multicellular eukaryotes (more specifically Weissmanists)...
capacity of other vectors, and it also avoids possible insertional mutagenesis caused by integration into host chromosomes by viralvector. Viruses that infect...
helper dependent virus, also termed a gutless virus, is a synthetic viralvector dependent on the assistance of a helper virus in order to replicate,...
different host species Viralvector, a tool commonly used by molecular biologists to deliver genetic materials into cells Vector, a one-dimensional array...
reduces the effectiveness to repeated treatments. Problems with viralvectors – Viralvectors carry the risks of toxicity, inflammatory responses, and gene...
is the sample injection of viralvectors containing transgenes into the patient. Lentiviruses are modified to act as a vector to insert beneficial genes...
expression vector, otherwise known as an expression construct, is usually a plasmid or virus designed for gene expression in cells. The vector is used to...
virus, an inactivated (dead) virus, or a recombinant antigen-encoding viralvector (harmless carrier virus with an antigen transgene) into the body. These...
subgroup of genetic vaccines encompass viralvector vaccines, RNA vaccines and DNA vaccines.[citation needed] Viralvector vaccines use a safe virus to insert...
transfer to cells is usually by vector delivery. Vectors are typically divided into two classes – viral and non-viral. Viruses infect cells by transducing...
(sometimes called biological nanoparticles or viralvectors) and those that use naked DNA or DNA complexes (non-viral methods). All viruses bind to their hosts...
branches of virotherapy: anti-cancer oncolytic viruses, viralvectors for gene therapy and viral immunotherapy. These branches use three different types...
(31 January 2017). "Rewiring carotenoid biosynthesis in plants using a viralvector". Scientific Reports. 7: 41645. Bibcode:2017NatSR...741645M. doi:10.1038/srep41645...
Acquires ViralVector Manufacturing Business from Novasep". BioSpace. "Thermo Fisher Takes Deep Dive into Cell and Gene Therapy with ViralVector Business...
number of viral plaques are counted and can be used to calculate the total number of infectious viral particles in the library. Most viralvectors also carry...
genome, modified vaccinia Ankara virus is also used as an experimental viralvector for vaccines against non-poxvirus diseases. The traditional smallpox...
vaccine technologies such as inactivated vaccine (killed-virus vaccines), viralvector vaccine, RNA vaccines (that contain no virus), or subunit vaccines (a...
replicate. Helper viruses are also commonly used to replicate and spread viralvectors for gene expression and gene therapy. Helper dependent virus Virophage...
therapy's efficacy. Recent technical breakthroughs, including as viral and non-viralvector transport, alternative nucleic acid technologies, and new technologies...
of the viral genes have been modified to remove some viral genes. One such modification is the gutless vector that removes almost all the viral genome...
In epidemiology, a disease vector is any living agent that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen such as a parasite or microbe, to another living...
is typically accomplished by delivery of plasmids or through viral or bacterial vectors. shRNA is an advantageous mediator of RNAi in that it has a relatively...
antibodies. Industrial processes have been recently developed using viralvectors and several pharmaceutical proteins are currently in pre-clinical and...
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