• transcriptional regulation – controlling the rate of gene transcription for example by helping or hindering RNA polymerase binding to DNA
• transcription – the process of making RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase
• transcription factor – a substance, such as a protein, that contributes to the cause of a specific biochemical reaction or bodily process
• promoter – a region of DNA that initiates transcription of a particular gene
• Sigma factor – specialized bacterial co-factors that complex with RNA Polymerase and encode sequence specificity
• coactivator – a protein that works with transcription factors to increase the rate of gene transcription
• corepressor – a protein that works with transcription factors to decrease the rate of gene transcription
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In molecular biology and genetics, transcriptional regulation is the means by which a cell regulates the conversion of DNA to RNA (transcription), thereby orchestrating gene activity. A single gene can be regulated in a range of ways, from altering the number of copies of RNA that are transcribed, to the temporal control of when the gene is transcribed. This control allows the cell or organism to respond to a variety of intra- and extracellular signals and thus mount a response. Some examples of this include producing the mRNA that encode enzymes to adapt to a change in a food source, producing the gene products involved in cell cycle specific activities, and producing the gene products responsible for cellular differentiation in multicellular eukaryotes, as studied in evolutionary developmental biology.
The regulation of transcription is a vital process in all living organisms. It is orchestrated by transcription factors and other proteins working in concert to finely tune the amount of RNA being produced through a variety of mechanisms. Bacteria and eukaryotes have very different strategies of accomplishing control over transcription, but some important features remain conserved between the two. Most importantly is the idea of combinatorial control, which is that any given gene is likely controlled by a specific combination of factors to control transcription. In a hypothetical example, the factors A and B might regulate a distinct set of genes from the combination of factors A and C. This combinatorial nature extends to complexes of far more than two proteins, and allows a very small subset (less than 10%) of the genome to control the transcriptional program of the entire cell.
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biology and genetics, transcriptionalregulation is the means by which a cell regulates the conversion of DNA to RNA (transcription), thereby orchestrating...
analysis Due to post-transcriptionalregulation, transcription rates and total RNA levels differ significantly. To measure the transcription rates nuclear run-on...
asRNA dependent regulation is not limited to on/off mechanism; rather, it presents a fine tone control system. The direct post transcriptional modulation by...
to 800 genes are transcriptionally silenced by CpG island methylation (see regulation of transcription in cancer). Transcriptional repression in cancer...
its DNA-binding sites, changing the transcriptionalregulation of the associated genes. Not only do transcription factors act downstream of signaling...
C/EBPε and GFI-1, these two transcriptional factors are important for terminal granulocyte differentiation. Other transcriptional factors that regulate granulopoiesis...
minimal system for gene-specific regulation. CRISPRi can sterically repress transcription by blocking either transcriptional initiation or elongation. This...
is moderated by SREBP-1. The effect of glucose and insulin on the transcriptional factor can occur through various pathways; there is evidence suggesting...
(October 2014). "Contribution of teg49 small RNA in the 5' upstream transcriptional region of sarA to virulence in Staphylococcus aureus". Infection and...
S2CID 27163437. Brunner M, Schafmeier T (May 2006). "Transcriptional and post-transcriptionalregulation of the circadian clock of cyanobacteria and Neurospora"...
Bok JW, Cramer RA, Wortman JR, Kim HS, et al. (April 2007). "Transcriptionalregulation of chemical diversity in Aspergillus fumigatus by LaeA". PLOS...
Rosenfeld MG (January 2009). "Histone H2A ubiquitination in transcriptionalregulation and DNA damage repair". The International Journal of Biochemistry...
proposes that this Co-location is required for Redox Regulation. Transcription factors and transcriptional regulatory networks play key roles in plant development...
chromatin-based transcriptionalregulation could be mediated by the effect of small RNAs. Small interfering RNAs can modulate transcriptional gene expression...
(Skaar et al., 1998). Moreover, NPM1 is a direct transcriptional target of oncogenic transcription factor c-myc (Zeller et al., 2001). The ability of...
many cellular processes, including transcriptionalregulation, insulator activity, V(D)J recombination and regulation of chromatin architecture. CCCTC-Binding...
within the 5′ UTR. In addition, this region has been involved in transcriptionregulation, such as the sex-lethal gene in Drosophila. Regulatory elements...
into lactate. LDH undergoes transcriptionalregulation by PGC-1α. PGC-1α regulates LDH by decreasing LDH A mRNA transcription and the enzymatic activity...
to play an important role in maintenance of quiescence. Post-transcriptionalregulation of gene expression via miRNA synthesis has been shown to play...
differentiation. In comparison to transcriptionalregulation, it results in much more immediate cellular adjustment through direct regulation of protein concentration...
division. Transcription by RNA polymerase also generates positive supercoiling ahead of, and negative supercoiling behind, the transcriptional complex (Fig...
three-dimensional structure, which plays a significant role in transcriptionalregulation. Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only...
be "binding to DNA" while its broader mode of action would be "transcriptionalregulation". However, there is no clear consensus and the term mode of action...
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