Rhodococcus is a genus of aerobic, nonsporulating, nonmotile Gram-positive bacteria closely related to Mycobacterium and Corynebacterium.[2][3] While a few species are pathogenic, most are benign, and have been found to thrive in a broad range of environments, including soil, water, and eukaryotic cells. Some species have large genomes, including the 9.7 megabasepair genome (67% G/C) of Rhodococcus sp. RHA1.[4]
Strains of Rhodococcus are important owing to their ability to catabolize a wide range of compounds and produce bioactive steroids, acrylamide, and acrylic acid, and their involvement in fossil fuel biodesulfurization.[4] This genetic and catabolic diversity is not only due to the large bacterial chromosome, but also to the presence of three large linear plasmids.[2]Rhodococcus is also an experimentally advantageous system owing to a relatively fast growth rate and simple developmental cycle, but is not well characterized.[4]
Another important application of Rhodococcus comes from bioconversion, using biological systems to convert cheap starting material into more valuable compounds, such as its ability to metabolize harmful environmental pollutants, including toluene, naphthalene, herbicides, and PCBs. Rhodococcus species typically metabolize aromatic substrates by first oxygenating the aromatic ring to form a diol (two alcohol groups). Then, the ring is cleaved with intra/extradiol mechanisms, opening the ring and exposing the substrate to further metabolism. Since the chemistry is very stereospecific, the diols are created with predictable chirality. While controlling the chirality of chemical reaction presents a significant challenge for synthetic chemists, biological processes can be used instead to faithfully produce chiral molecules in cases where direct chemical synthesis is not feasible or efficient. An example of this is the use of Rhodococcus to produce chiral indandiol derivatives which serve as synthetic intermediates for indinavir, a protease inhibitor used in the treatment of HIV/AIDS.[5]
The conversion of indene to trans-1R,2R-indandiol and cis-1S,2R-indandiol by Rhodococcus sp.[6]
^Euzéby JP, Parte AC. "Rhodococcus". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved June 25, 2022.
^ abvan der Geize R. & L. Dijkhuizen (2004). "Harnessing the catabolic diversity of rhodococci for environmental and biotechnological applications". Microbiology. 7 (3): 255–261. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2004.04.001. hdl:11370/a1dfa0fd-dd65-4c1d-b9b4-bfa98038dcbe. PMID 15196492.
^Burkovski A., ed. (2008). Corynebacteria: Genomics and Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-30-1. [1].
^ abcMcLeod MP, Warren RL, Hsiao WW, Araki N, Mihre M, Fernandes C, Miyazawa D, Wong W, Lillquist AL, Wang D, Dosanjh M, Hara H, Petrescu A, Morin RD, Yang G, Stott JM, Schein JE, Shin H, Smailus D, Siddiqui AS, Marra MA, Jones SJ, Holt R, Brinkman FS, Miyauchi K, Fukuda M, Davies JE, Mohn WW, Eltis LD (October 17, 2006). "The complete genome of Rhodococcus sp. RHA1 provides insights into a catabolic powerhouse". PNAS. 103 (42): 15582–15587. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10315582M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0607048103. PMC 1622865. PMID 17030794.
^Treadway, S.L., K.S. Yanagimachi, E. Lankenau, P.A. Lessard, G. Stephanopoulos and A.J. Sinskey (1999). "Isolation and characterization of indene bioconversion genes from Rhodococcus strain I24". Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 51 (6): 786–793. doi:10.1007/s002530051463. PMID 10422226. S2CID 6264248.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Buckland, Barry C.; Drew, Stephen W.; Connors, Neal C.; Chartrain, Michel M.; Lee, Chanyong; Salmon, Peter M.; Gbewonyo, Kodzo; Zhou, Weichang; Gailliot, Pat; Singhvi, Rahul; Olewinski, Roger C.; Sun, Wen-Jun; Reddy, Jayanthi; Zhang, Jinyou; Jackey, Barbara A.; Taylor, Colleen; Goklen, Kent E.; Junker, Beth; Greasham, Randolph L. (January 1999). "Microbial Conversion of Indene to Indandiol: A Key Intermediate in the Synthesis of CRIXIVAN". Metabolic Engineering. 1 (1): 63–74. doi:10.1006/mben.1998.0107. PMID 10935755.
including the 9.7 megabasepair genome (67% G/C) of Rhodococcus sp. RHA1. Strains of Rhodococcus are important owing to their ability to catabolize a...
generally known as Rhodococcus equi, there has been taxonomic debate since the 1980s about whether this name is the valid name, with Rhodococcus hoagii and Prescottella...
Rhodococcus erythropolis is an aerobic Gram-positive bacterium species in the genus Rhodococcus. The name Rhodococcus erythropolis is derived from its...
Rhodococcus fascians (known as Corynebacterium fascians until 1984) is a Gram positive bacterial phytopathogen that causes leafy gall disease. R. fascians...
Rhodococcus rhodochrous is a bacterium used as a soil inoculant in agriculture and horticulture. It is gram positive, in the shape of rods/cocci, oxidase...
Rhodococcus marinonascens is a bacterium species in the genus Rhodococcus. It is moderately halophilic and psychrotrophic, with type strain 3438W (= DSM...
Rhodococcus opacus is a bacterium species in the genus Rhodococcus. It is moderately chemolithotrophic. Its genome has been sequenced. R. opacus possesses...
cis position, in M. avium The mycolic acids of members of the genus Rhodococcus differ in several ways from those of M. tuberculosis. They contain no...
Rhodococcus phenolicus is a bacterium species in the genus Rhodococcus. Phenolicus comes from Neo-Latin noun phenol -olis, phenol; Latin masculine gender...
viral infections can also cause fasciation. The bacterial phytopathogen Rhodococcus fascians has been demonstrated as one cause of fasciation, such as in...
TM, Kasumova SA, Kvasnikov EI, Batrakov SG. (1982). "Rhodococcus luteus nom. nov. and Rhodococcus maris nom. nov". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 32: 1–14. doi:10...
of nicotinonitrile is catalysed by the enzyme nitrile hydratase from Rhodococcus rhodochrous J1, producing 3500 tons per annum of nicotinamide for use...
bacterium species that produces benzoate from phenol via 4-hydroxybenzoate. Rhodococcus phenolicus is a bacterium species able to degrade phenol as sole carbon...
not considered a widespread environmental contaminant. The bacterium Rhodococcus phenolicus degrades chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene and phenol as sole...
Escherichia coli) or in different species of bacteria (e.g. both E. coli and Rhodococcus erythropolis). There are also adenovirus shuttle vectors, which can propagate...
among different bacterial species. Thirty-one percent and 29 percent of Rhodococcus erthypolis TraA residues are identical to Gordonia westfalica TraA and...
high temperatures, aryl groups react with ammonia to give anilines. Rhodococcus phenolicus is a bacterium that degrades dichlorobenzene as sole carbon...
Quinoline is readily degradable by certain microorganisms, such as Rhodococcus species Strain Q1, which was isolated from soil and paper mill sludge...
CYP come from cytochrome b5. FMN/Fd/P450 systems originally found in Rhodococcus species, in which a FMN-domain-containing reductase is fused to the CYP...
Modifications in the Mycolic Acid Content and Cell Wall Permeability of Rhodococcus erythropolis E1". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 69 (12): 7019–7027...
Nitrilase-catalyzed hydrolysis of 3-cyanopyridine by means of immobilized Rhodococcus rhodochrous J1 strains leads in quantitative yield to nicotinamide (vitamin...
of linear form are unknown among phytopathogens with one exception, Rhodococcus fascians. Plasmids may be classified in a number of ways. Plasmids can...
including the species Deinococcus radiodurans and genera Brevundimonas, Rhodococcus, and Pseudomonas under simulated Martian conditions. Results from one...
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