Basic structure of a peroxisomeDistribution of peroxisomes (white) in HEK 293 cells during mitosisPeroxisome in rat neonatal cardiomyocyte
A peroxisome (IPA:[pɛɜˈɹɒksɪˌsoʊm]) [1] is a membrane-bound organelle, a type of microbody, found in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells.[2][3] Peroxisomes are oxidative organelles. Frequently, molecular oxygen serves as a co-substrate, from which hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is then formed. Peroxisomes owe their name to hydrogen peroxide generating and scavenging activities. They perform key roles in lipid metabolism and the reduction of reactive oxygen species.[4]
Peroxisomes are involved in the catabolism of very long chain fatty acids, branched chain fatty acids, bile acid intermediates (in the liver), D-amino acids, and polyamines. Peroxisomes also play a role in the biosynthesis of plasmalogens: ether phospholipids critical for the normal function of mammalian brains and lungs.[5] Peroxisomes contain approximately 10% of the total activity of two enzymes (Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase) in the pentose phosphate pathway,[6] which is important for energy metabolism.[5] It is vigorously debated whether peroxisomes are involved in isoprenoid and cholesterol synthesis in animals.[5] Other peroxisomal functions include the glyoxylate cycle in germinating seeds ("glyoxysomes"), photorespiration in leaves,[7] glycolysis in trypanosomes ("glycosomes"), and methanol and amine oxidation and assimilation in some yeasts.
^"Definition of PEROXISOME". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2019-10-30.
^Islinger M, Voelkl A, Fahimi HD, Schrader M (November 2018). "The peroxisome: an update on mysteries 2.0". Histochemistry and Cell Biology. 150 (5): 443–471. doi:10.1007/s00418-018-1722-5. PMC 6182659. PMID 30219925.
^O'Connell JD, Zhao A, Ellington AD, Marcotte EM (2012). "Dynamic reorganization of metabolic enzymes into intracellular bodies". Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 28: 89–111. doi:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-101011-155841. PMC 4089986. PMID 23057741.
^Bonekamp NA, Völkl A, Fahimi HD, Schrader M (2009). "Reactive oxygen species and peroxisomes: struggling for balance". BioFactors. 35 (4): 346–55. doi:10.1002/biof.48. PMID 19459143. S2CID 7502822.
^ abcWanders RJ, Waterham HR (2006). "Biochemistry of mammalian peroxisomes revisited". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 75: 295–332. doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.74.082803.133329. PMID 16756494.
^Antonenkov, Vasily D. (Jul 1989). "Dehydrogenases of the pentose phosphate pathway in rat liver peroxisomes". European Journal of Biochemistry. 183 (1): 75–82. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb14898.x. ISSN 0014-2956. PMID 2753047.
^Evert RF, Eichhorn SE (2006). Esau's Plant Anatomy: Meristems, Cells, and Tissues of the Plant Body: Their Structure, Function, and Development. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780471738435.
A peroxisome (IPA: [pɛɜˈɹɒksɪˌsoʊm]) is a membrane-bound organelle, a type of microbody, found in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. Peroxisomes...
conditions caused by defects in peroxisome functions. This may be due to defects in single enzymes important for peroxisome function or in peroxins, proteins...
plants, protozoa, and animals. Organelles in the microbody family include peroxisomes, glyoxysomes, glycosomes and hydrogenosomes. In vertebrates, microbodies...
PPAR agonists are drugs which act upon the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor. They are used for the treatment of symptoms of the metabolic syndrome...
renin–angiotensin system, telmisartan acts as a selective modulator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), a central regulator of...
congenital disorder characterized by the reduction or absence of functional peroxisomes in the cells of an individual. It is one of a family of disorders called...
mitochondrial membrane, although very long chain fatty acids are oxidized in peroxisomes. The overall reaction for one cycle of beta oxidation is: Cn-acyl-CoA...
contraindicated due to an increased risk of rhabdomyolysis. Fibrates stimulate peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) alpha, which controls the expression...
Glyoxysomes are specialized peroxisomes found in plants (particularly in the fat storage tissues of germinating seeds) and also in filamentous fungi....
biochemist. He made serendipitous discoveries of two cell organelles, peroxisome and lysosome, for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine...
a dense proteinaceous matrix. It is believed to have evolved from the peroxisome. This has been verified by work done on Leishmania genetics. The glycosome...
mortality. PFOA alters lipid metabolism. It is an agonist of PPARα and is a peroxisome proliferator in rodents contributing to a well understood form of oxidative...
proconvulsively. Another potential target of antiepileptic drugs is the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha. Some anticonvulsants have shown...
as a dual PPAR agonist at the subtypes α (alpha) and γ (gamma) of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR). Agonist action on PPARα lowers...
of peroxisome biogenesis. It is part of the Zellweger spectrum. It has been linked with multiple genes (at least five) associated with peroxisome biogenesis...
syngamy), a dormant cyst with a cell wall of chitin or cellulose, and peroxisomes. An endosymbiotic union between a motile anaerobic archaean and an aerobic...
buprenorphine, nalmefene and norclozapine. Examples of ligands activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma as partial agonists are honokiol...
Peroxisome biogenesis factor 1, also known as PEX1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the PEX1 gene. This gene encodes a member of the AAA protein...
increasing lipoprotein triglyceride lipolysis. It does so by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) 'transcription factor ligand'...
in the late 1990s. Thiazolidinediones or TZDs act by activating PPARs (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors), a group of nuclear receptors, specific...
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