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Chemical compound
Ractopamine (/rækˈtɒpəmaɪn,-miːn/) is an animal feed additive used to promote leanness and increase food conversion efficiency in farmed animals in several countries, but banned in others. Pharmacologically, it is a phenol-based TAAR1 agonist and β adrenoreceptor agonist that stimulates β1 and β2 adrenergic receptors.[1][2]
It is most commonly administered to animals for meat production as ractopamine hydrochloride.[3] It is the active ingredient in products marketed in the US as Paylean for swine, Optaflexx for cattle, and Topmax[4] for turkeys.[5] It was developed by Elanco Animal Health, a division of Eli Lilly and Company.
As of 2014, the use of ractopamine was banned in 160 countries,[6] including the European Union, China and Russia,[7][8] while 27 other countries, such as Japan, the United States, South Korea, and New Zealand have deemed meat from livestock fed ractopamine safe for human consumption.[9][10][11]
Commercial ractopamine is a mixture of all four possible stereoisomers.[12] It is also a positional isomer of dobutamine, a related drug.
^Cite error: The named reference TAAR1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Colbert, WE; Williams, PD; Williams, GD (December 1991). "Beta-adrenoceptor Profile of Ractopamine HCl in Isolated Smooth and Cardiac Muscle Tissues of Rat and Guinea-pig". The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 43 (12): 844–7. doi:10.1111/j.2042-7158.1991.tb03192.x. PMID 1687583. S2CID 95388599.
^Aroeira, C. N.; Feddern, V.; Gressler, V.; Molognoni, L.; Daguer, H.; Dalla Costa, O. A.; de Lima GJMM; Contreras-Castillo, C. J. (2019). "Determination of ractopamine residue in tissues and urine from pig fed meat and bone meal". Food Additives & Contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure & Risk Assessment. 36 (3): 424–433. doi:10.1080/19440049.2019.1567942. PMID 30785370. S2CID 73496591.
^Co, Elanco Animal Health. "Topmax - Elanco Animal Health Co: Veterinary Package Insert". VetLabel.com.[permanent dead link]
^LE BIZEC, Bruno (October 2017). "A GENERAL PERSPECTIVE ON THE USE OF WADA PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES FOR ANIMAL HUSBANDRY" (PDF). WADA.
^Pacelle, Wayne (July 2014). "Banned in 160 Nations, Why is Ractopamine in U.S. Pork? (Op-Ed)". Live Science. Expert Voices: Op-Ed & Insights.
^Bottemiller, Helena (January 25, 2012). "Dispute over drug in feed limiting US meat exports". Bottom Line. Archived from the original on January 26, 2012.
^Garina, Anastasia (11 December 2012). "Russia throws poisonous meat back to US". Pravda.ru. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
^"The Facts about U.S. Beef and Ractopamine". American Institute in Taiwan. Archived from the original on 10 May 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
^AIT- American Institute in Taiwan: 'The Facts about U.S. Beef and Ractopamine' (archived) Accessed January 21, 2018
^Environmental Risk Management Authority (22 August 2006). "Environmental Risk Management Authority Decision - Application HSR05114 "PAYLEAN: to import and release this granular premix for use as a feed additive for pigs "". Retrieved 15 January 2020.
^Vivian Vezzoni de AlmeidaI; Amoracyr José Costa NuñezII; Valdomiro Shigueru Miyada (May 2012). "Ractopamine as a metabolic modifier feed additive for finishing pigs: a review" (PDF). Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology. 25 (3). Retrieved 9 December 2014.
Ractopamine (/rækˈtɒpəmaɪn, -miːn/) is an animal feed additive used to promote leanness and increase food conversion efficiency in farmed animals in several...
decision to allow imports from the United States without labeling of ractopamine use. Farmers' views varied on how negative the effects might be. Issues...
encephalopathy (BSE; commonly known as mad cow disease), and the use of ractopamine as an additive in feeds. The conflict has sometimes been called the "beef...
pasture-raised pork in these nations has increased. Most pigs in the US receive ractopamine, a beta-agonist drug, which promotes muscle instead of fat and quicker...
attempts to impose restrictions on the import of ractopamine-containing pork. Critics argued that ractopamine is an additive illegal in 160 countries due to...
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