Promethazine, sold under the brand name Phenergan among others, is a first-generation antihistamine, antipsychotic, sedative, and antiemetic used to treat allergies, insomnia, and nausea. It may also help with some symptoms associated with the common cold[4] and may also be used for sedating people who are agitated or anxious, an effect that has led to some recreational use (especially with codeine).[5][6][7] Promethazine is taken by mouth (oral), as a rectal suppository, or by injection into a muscle (IM).[4]
Common side effects of promethazine include confusion and sleepiness;[4] consumption of alcohol or other sedatives can make these symptoms worse.[4] It is unclear if use of promethazine during pregnancy or breastfeeding is safe for the fetus.[4][6] Use of promethazine is not recommended in those less than two years old, due to potentially negative effects on breathing.[4] Use of promethazine by injection into a vein is not recommended, due to potential skin damage.[4] Promethazine is in the phenothiazine family of medications.[4] It is also a moderate anticholinergic, which produces its sedative effects. This also means high or toxic doses can act as a deliriant.[8]
Promethazine was made in the 1940s by a team of scientists from Rhône-Poulenc laboratories.[9] It was approved for medical use in the United States in 1951.[4] It is a generic medication and is available under many brand names globally.[1] In 2021, it was the 188th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 2million prescriptions.[10][11] In 2021, the combination with dextromethorphan was the 289th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 600,000 prescriptions.[10][12]
^ ab"Promethazine international brands". Drugs.com. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
^ abCite error: The named reference pmid10965395 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Paton DM, Webster DR (1985). "Clinical pharmacokinetics of H1-receptor antagonists (the antihistamines)". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 10 (6): 477–97. doi:10.2165/00003088-198510060-00002. PMID 2866055. S2CID 33541001.
^ abcdefghi"Promethazine Hydrochloride Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
^Cite error: The named reference lean was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abBritish national formulary : BNF 74 (74 ed.). British Medical Association. 2017. p. 276. ISBN 978-0-85711-298-9.
^Malamed SF (2009). Sedation: A Guide to Patient Management. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-323-07596-1.
^Page C, Duffull S, Whyte I, Isbister G (28 November 2008). "Promethazine overdose: clinical effects, predicting delirium and the effect of charcoal". QJM: An International Journal of Medicine. 102 (2): 123–131. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcn153. PMID 19042969. S2CID 17677540.
^Li JJ (2006). Laughing Gas, Viagra, and Lipitor: The Human Stories behind the Drugs We Use. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-19-988528-2. Retrieved 9 July 2016.
^ ab"The Top 300 of 2021". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
^"Promethazine - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
^"Dextromethorphan; Promethazine - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
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