"Retrovirology" redirects here. For the journal, see Retrovirology (journal).
Retroviridae
HIV retrovirus schematic of cell infection, virus production and virus structure
Virus classification
(unranked):
Virus
Realm:
Riboviria
Kingdom:
Pararnavirae
Phylum:
Artverviricota
Class:
Revtraviricetes
Order:
Ortervirales
Family:
Retroviridae
Subfamilies and genera[1]
Orthoretrovirinae
Alpharetrovirus
Betaretrovirus
Deltaretrovirus
Epsilonretrovirus
Gammaretrovirus
Lentivirus
Spumaretrovirinae
Bovispumavirus
Equispumavirus
Felispumavirus
Prosimiispumavirus
Simiispumavirus
A retrovirus is a type of virus that inserts a DNA copy of its RNA genome into the DNA of a host cell that it invades, thus changing the genome of that cell.[2] After invading a host cell's cytoplasm, the virus uses its own reverse transcriptase enzyme to produce DNA from its RNA genome, the reverse of the usual pattern, thus retro (backwards). The new DNA is then incorporated into the host cell genome by an integrase enzyme, at which point the retroviral DNA is referred to as a provirus. The host cell then treats the viral DNA as part of its own genome, transcribing and translating the viral genes along with the cell's own genes, producing the proteins required to assemble new copies of the virus. Many retroviruses cause serious diseases in humans, other mammals, and birds.[3]
Retroviruses have many subfamilies in three basic groups.
Oncoretroviruses (cancer-causing retroviruses) include human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) causing a type of leukemia in humans, and murine leukemia viruses (MLVs) in mice.[4]
Lentiviruses (slow viruses) include HIV-1 and HIV-2, the cause of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in humans.
Spumaviruses (foamy viruses) are benign and not linked to any disease in humans or animals.[5]
The specialized DNA-infiltration enzymes in retroviruses make them valuable research tools in molecular biology, and they have been used successfully in gene delivery systems.[6]
Evidence from endogenous retroviruses (inherited provirus DNA in animal genomes) suggests that retroviruses have been infecting vertebrates for at least 450 million years.[7]
^"Virus Taxonomy: 2018b Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
^"retrovirus". Oxford English Dictionary. Archived from the original on 26 September 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2018.
^Cite error: The named reference :1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Coffin JM, Hughes SH, Varmus HE, eds. (1997). Retroviruses. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. ISBN 978-0-87969-571-2.
^{Miller, A. D. (2006). Retroviral Vectors in Gene Therapy. Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. doi:10.1038/npg.els.0005741}
^Kurth R, Bannert N, eds. (2010). Retroviruses: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Pathogenesis. Horizon Scientific. ISBN 978-1-904455-55-4.
^Zheng, Jialu; Wei, Yutong; Han, Guan-Zhu (1 February 2022). "The diversity and evolution of retroviruses: Perspectives from viral "fossils"". Virologica Sinica. 37 (1): 11–18. doi:10.1016/j.virs.2022.01.019. ISSN 1995-820X. PMC 8922424. PMID 35234634.
protein that enables the retrovirus to be infectious. Several protein species are associated with the RNA in the retrovirus virion. Nucleocapsid (NC)...
Koala retrovirus (KoRV) is a retrovirus that is present in many populations of koalas. It has been implicated as the agent of koala immune deficiency...
"Evidence That HERV-K Is the Endogenous Retrovirus Sequence That Codes for the Human Teratocarcinoma-Derived Retrovirus HTDV". Virology. 196 (1): 349–353....
incorporated parts of the Jaagksiete sheep retrovirus, now known as endogenous Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (enJSRV). There are 27 known copies of enJSRV...
re-united Chrome Cranks featuring Bert on drums. Bert is now playing with Retrovirus (Lydia Lunch, Weasel Walter, Tim Dahl), who have released studio and live...
affect them, such as human T-cell leukemia virus, or HTLV, the first retrovirus identified in humans, which Bernard Poiesz, another post-doctoral fellow...
immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) are two species of Lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that infect humans. Over time, they cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome...
Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) is a species of retrovirus that cause persistent infections in at least 45 species of non-human primates. Based on...
other genomic locations within a eukaryotic cell. An endogenous retrovirus is a retrovirus without virus pathogenic effects that has been integrated into...
Gibbon-ape leukemia virus (GaLV) is an oncogenic, type C retrovirus that has been isolated from primate neoplasms, including the white-handed gibbon and...
threatened by various pathogens, such as Chlamydiaceae bacteria and koala retrovirus. Because of their distinctive appearance, koalas, along with kangaroos...
the state of a provirus. When a (nonendogenous) retrovirus invades a cell, the RNA of the retrovirus is reverse-transcribed into DNA by reverse transcriptase...
genome that has led to the hypothesis that it originated from an ancient retrovirus: essentially a virus that helped pave the transition from egg-laying to...
endogenous retrovirus, was thought to be from extant mammalian endogenous gammaretroviruses. The Tursiops truncates endogenous retrovirus original invasion...
found in the retrovirus cell. In 1964, Howard Temin proposed a provirus hypothesis, but shortly after reverse transcription in the retrovirus genome was...
central plot of the second season is the development of Dr. Beckett's retrovirus, which can, theoretically, turn a Wraith into a human. While an incomplete...
Xenotropic and polytropic retrovirus receptor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the XPR1 gene. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000143324 –...
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