TEM micrograph of poliovirus virions. Scale bar (white): 50 nm
A type 3 poliovirus capsid, protein side chains coloured
Virus classification
(unranked):
Virus
Realm:
Riboviria
Kingdom:
Orthornavirae
Phylum:
Pisuviricota
Class:
Pisoniviricetes
Order:
Picornavirales
Family:
Picornaviridae
Genus:
Enterovirus
Species:
Enterovirus C
Virus:
Poliovirus
Serotypes
PV-1 (Poliovirus-1)
PV-2 (Poliovirus-2)
PV-3 (Poliovirus-3)
Poliovirus, the causative agent of polio (also known as poliomyelitis), is a serotype of the species Enterovirus C, in the family of Picornaviridae.[1] There are three poliovirus serotypes: types 1, 2, and 3.
Poliovirus is composed of an RNA genome and a protein capsid. The genome is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA (+ssRNA) genome that is about 7500 nucleotides long.[2] The viral particle is about 30 nm in diameter with icosahedral symmetry. Because of its short genome and its simple composition—only RNA and a nonenveloped icosahedral protein coat that encapsulates it—poliovirus is widely regarded as the simplest significant virus.[3]
Poliovirus was first isolated in 1909 by Karl Landsteiner and Erwin Popper.[4] The structure of the virus was first elucidated in 1958 using X-ray diffraction by a team at Birkbeck College led by Rosalind Franklin,[5][6] showing the polio virus to have icosahedral symmetry.[7]
In 1981, the poliovirus genome was published by two different teams of researchers: by Vincent Racaniello and David Baltimore at MIT[8] and by Naomi Kitamura and Eckard Wimmer at Stony Brook University.[9]
The three-dimensional structure of poliovirus was determined in 1985 by James Hogle at Scripps Research Institute using X-ray crystallography.[10]
Poliovirus is one of the most well-characterized viruses, and has become a useful model system for understanding the biology of RNA viruses.
^Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-8385-8529-0.[page needed]
^Hogle JM (2002). "Poliovirus cell entry: common structural themes in viral cell entry pathways". Annual Review of Microbiology. 56: 677–702. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.56.012302.160757. PMC 1500891. PMID 12142481.
^Goodsell DS (1998). The machinery of life. New York: Copernicus. ISBN 978-0-387-98273-1.[page needed]
^Paul JR (1971). A History of Poliomyelitis. (Yale studies in the history of science and medicine). New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-01324-5.[page needed]
^"Behind the picture: Rosalind Franklin and the polio model". Medical Research Council. 2019-03-14. Archived from the original on 2018-10-30. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
^Maddox B (2003). Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA. London: Harper Collins. p. 296. ISBN 0-00-655211-0. Archived from the original on 2023-01-14. Retrieved 2020-05-15.
^Brown A (2007). J.D. Bernal: The Sage of Science. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 359–61. ISBN 978-0-19-920565-3.
^Racaniello VR, Baltimore D (August 1981). "Molecular cloning of poliovirus cDNA and determination of the complete nucleotide sequence of the viral genome". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 78 (8): 4887–91. Bibcode:1981PNAS...78.4887R. doi:10.1073/pnas.78.8.4887. PMC 320284. PMID 6272282.
^Kitamura N, Semler BL, Rothberg PG, Larsen GR, Adler CJ, Dorner AJ, et al. (June 1981). "Primary structure, gene organization and polypeptide expression of poliovirus RNA". Nature. 291 (5816): 547–53. Bibcode:1981Natur.291..547K. doi:10.1038/291547a0. PMID 6264310. S2CID 4352308.
^Hogle JM, Chow M, Filman DJ (27 Sep 1985). "Three-dimensional structure of poliovirus at 2.9 A resolution". Science. 229 (4720): 1358–65. doi:10.1126/science.2994218. PMID 2994218.
in the family of Picornaviridae. There are three poliovirus serotypes: types 1, 2, and 3. Poliovirus is composed of an RNA genome and a protein capsid...
(polio). Two types are used: an inactivated poliovirus given by injection (IPV) and a weakened poliovirus given by mouth (OPV). The World Health Organization...
capsid proteins enable poliovirus to infect certain types of cells. Three serotypes of poliovirus have been identified – wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1), type...
Sabin vaccine) contains attenuated poliovirus. Attenuated poliovirus is 10,000 times less able than wild poliovirus to enter the bloodstream and cause...
understand the means by which poliovirus infection is initiated. Humans are the only known natural host for poliovirus. The study of viral disease is...
Picornaviridae. The Poliovirus species has been eliminated from the genus Enterovirus. The following serotypes, Human poliovirus 1, Human poliovirus 2, and Human...
route. Coxsackieviruses share many characteristics with poliovirus. With control of poliovirus infections in much of the world, more attention has been...
Commonly known as Poliovirus Receptor (PVR), the protein serves as a cellular receptor for poliovirus in the first step of poliovirus replication. Transgenic...
plaque assay was developed using poliovirus; the discovery of viral replication in culture was also with poliovirus in 1949. This was the first time that...
and Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids (Adsorbed) Combined with Inactivated Poliovirus Type 1, 2 and 3 (Vero cell))". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)...
of three main serotypes of poliovirus, since known as type 1, type 2, and type 3. Salk developed an inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), a "dead" vaccine...
virus have lower nasal viral loads than those with rhinovirus alone. Poliovirus is a positive single-stranded RNA virus in the family Picornaviridae....
enterovirus. Its best known subtype is poliovirus, the cause of poliomyelitis. There are three serotypes of poliovirus, PV1, PV2, and PV3. Other subtypes...
independently of the 5' cap. IRES sequences were first discovered in 1988 in the poliovirus (PV) and encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) RNA genomes in the laboratories...
campaign that significantly contributed to the eradication of the wild poliovirus in Africa. In 2010, Gates and Warren Buffett founded The Giving Pledge...
project beginning in 1948 to determine the number of different types of poliovirus. For the next seven years, Salk devoted himself to developing a vaccine...
infection. Other causes of acute viral encephalitis are rabies virus, poliovirus, and measles virus. Additional possible viral causes are arboviral flavivirus...
Organization announced that wild poliovirus type 3 had also been eradicated worldwide. This leaves only wild poliovirus type 1 and circulating vaccine-derived...
diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis adsorbed, inactivated poliovirus, haemophilus b conjugate [meningococcal protein conjugate] and hepatitis...
among the different genera of picornavirus. Poliovirus is a member of the family Picornaviridae. Poliovirus is transmitted through the oral-fecal route...
virus (satellite tobacco necrosis virus), Wimmer chose to study poliovirus in 1968. Poliovirus is the cause of the horrific disease poliomyelitis, which can...
vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV); vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) is a strain of the weakened poliovirus that was initially included in oral polio vaccine...
and the course of viral evolution among Picornaviridae ((+)ssRNA), e.g. poliovirus. In the Retroviridae ((+)ssRNA), e.g. HIV, damage in the RNA genome appears...
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