Protein acetylation (and deacetylation) are acetylation reactions that occur within living cells as drug metabolism, by enzymes in the liver and other organs (e. g., the brain). Pharmaceuticals frequently employ acetylation to enable such esters to cross the blood–brain barrier (and placenta), where they are deacetylated by enzymes (carboxylesterases) in a manner similar to acetylcholine. Examples of acetylated pharmaceuticals are diacetylmorphine (heroin), acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), THC-O-acetate, and diacerein. Conversely, drugs such as isoniazid are acetylated within the liver during drug metabolism. A drug that depends on such metabolic transformations in order to act is termed a prodrug.
Acetylation is an important modification of proteins in cell biology; and proteomics studies have identified thousands of acetylated mammalian proteins.[1][2][3] Acetylation occurs as a co-translational and post-translational modification of proteins, for example, histones, p53, and tubulins. Among these proteins, chromatin proteins and metabolic enzymes are highly represented, indicating that acetylation has a considerable impact on gene expression and metabolism. In bacteria, 90% of proteins involved in central metabolism of Salmonella enterica are acetylated.[4][5]
^Choudhary C, Kumar C, Gnad F, Nielsen ML, Rehman M, Walther TC, Olsen JV, Mann M (2009). "Lysine acetylation targets protein complexes and co-regulates major cellular functions". Science. 325 (5942): 834–840. Bibcode:2009Sci...325..834C. doi:10.1126/science.1175371. PMID 19608861. S2CID 206520776.
^Fritz KS, Galligan JJ, Hirschey MD, Verdin E, Petersen DR (2012). "Mitochondrial acetylome analysis in a mouse model of alcohol-induced liver injury utilizing SIRT3 knockout mice". J. Proteome Res. 11 (3): 1633–1643. doi:10.1021/pr2008384. PMC 3324946. PMID 22309199.
^Brook T. "Protein Acetylation: Much More than Histone Acetylation". Cayman Chemical. Archived from the original on 2014-02-28.
^Zhao S, Xu W, Jiang W, Yu W, Lin Y, Zhang T, Yao J, Zhou L, Zeng Y, Li H, Li Y, Shi J, An W, Hancock SM, He F, Qin L, Chin J, Yang P, Chen X, Lei Q, Xiong Y, Guan KL (2010). "Regulation of cellular metabolism by protein lysine acetylation". Science. 327 (5968): 1000–1004. Bibcode:2010Sci...327.1000Z. doi:10.1126/science.1179689. PMC 3232675. PMID 20167786.
^Wang Q, Zhang Y, Yang C, Xiong H, Lin Y, Yao J, et al. (February 2010). "Acetylation of metabolic enzymes coordinates carbon source utilization and metabolic flux". Science. 327 (5968): 1004–7. Bibcode:2010Sci...327.1004W. doi:10.1126/science.1179687. PMC 4183141. PMID 20167787.
and 22 Related for: Protein acetylation information
Proteinacetylation (and deacetylation) are acetylation reactions that occur within living cells as drug metabolism, by enzymes in the liver and other...
Histone acetylation and deacetylation are the processes by which the lysine residues within the N-terminal tail protruding from the histone core of the...
target protein. Histones undergo acetylation on their lysine residues by enzymes known as histone acetyltransferase. The effect of acetylation is to weaken...
processes that involve chromatin". Acetylation is one type of post-translational modification of proteins. The acetylation of the ε-amino group of lysine...
show that lysine acetylation and other posttranslational modifications of histones generate binding sites for specific protein–protein interaction domains...
The compendium of protein lysine acetylation (CPLA) database contains the sites of experimentally identified lysine acetylation sites. Liu, Zexian; Cao...
acetylation. Instead of a simple methyl group, the myristoyl group has a tail of 14 hydrophobic carbons, which make it ideal for anchoring proteins to...
Forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1), also known as forkhead in rhabdomyosarcoma (FKHR), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FOXO1 gene. FOXO1 is...
packaging protein histone H3. It is a mark that indicates acetylation of the lysine residue at N-terminal position 27 of the histone H3 protein. H3K27ac...
higher for regions where multiple acetylation sites exist in proximity. This recognition is often a prerequisite for protein-histone association and chromatin...
expression is regulated by acetylation and de-acetylation. HDAC's action is opposite to that of histone acetyltransferase. HDAC proteins are now also called...
(2004). "Tat acetylation: a regulatory switch between early and late phases in HIV transcription elongation". Reversible ProteinAcetylation. Novartis Foundation...
interaction with other proteins. PCAF also possesses sites for its own acetylation and ubiquitination. CBP and p300 are large nuclear proteins that bind to many...
the acetylation of lysine. Methylation can affect how other protein such as transcription factors interact with the nucleosomes. Lysine acetylation eliminates...
by inhibiting cytosolic autophagy-related proteinacetylation by EP300 and thereby increasing acetylation of tubulin. Spermidine is known to regulate...
Sirtuin 1, also known as NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SIRT1 gene. SIRT1 stands for sirtuin (silent...
is little to no protein hyperacetylation in the liver; this implies that the VLCAD protein is also necessary for proteinacetylation in this biological...
Protein SET, also known as Protein SET 1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SET gene. Protein SET has been shown to interact with: Acidic...
regulates histone acetylation and subsequent chromatin remodeling by means of downstream effectors, such as the CREB binding protein (which has HAT activity)...
string' organization. Histone proteins are highly post-translationally modified. Covalently bonded modifications include acetylation and methylation of the N-terminal...
The tau proteins (abbreviated from tubulin associated unit) form a group of six highly soluble protein isoforms produced by alternative splicing from the...
of the NAD+ ase CD38: implications for cellular NAD+ metabolism, proteinacetylation, and treatment of metabolic syndrome". Diabetes. 62 (4): 1084–1093...
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