83 °C (181 °F; 356 K) 68% solution boils at 121 °C (250 °F; 394 K)
Solubility in water
Miscible
log P
−0.13[2]
Vapor pressure
48 mmHg (20 °C)[1]
Acidity (pKa)
−1.4[3]
Conjugate base
Nitrate
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)
−1.99×10−5 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD)
1.397 (16.5 °C)
Dipole moment
2.17 ± 0.02 D
Thermochemistry
Std molar entropy (S⦵298)
146 J/(mol·K)[4]
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298)
−207 kJ/mol[4]
Hazards
GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word
Danger
Hazard statements
H272, H300, H310, H330, H373, H411
Precautionary statements
P210, P220, P260, P305+P351+P338, P310, P370+P378
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
[5]
3
0
2
OX
Flash point
Non-flammable
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LC50 (median concentration)
138 ppm (rat, 30 min)[1]
NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)
TWA 2 ppm (5 mg/m3)[1]
REL (Recommended)
TWA 2 ppm (5 mg/m3) ST 4 ppm (10 mg/m3)[1]
IDLH (Immediate danger)
25 ppm[1]
Safety data sheet (SDS)
ICSC 0183
Related compounds
Other anions
Nitrous acid
Other cations
Sodium nitrate
Potassium nitrate
Ammonium nitrate
Related compounds
Dinitrogen trioxide
Dinitrogen tetroxide
Dinitrogen pentoxide
Nitrogen oxide
Nitrogen monoxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references
Chemical compound
Nitric acid is the inorganic compound with the formula HNO3. It is a highly corrosive mineral acid.[6] The compound is colorless, but samples tend to acquire a yellow cast over time due to decomposition into oxides of nitrogen. Most commercially available nitric acid has a concentration of 68% in water. When the solution contains more than 86% HNO3, it is referred to as fuming nitric acid. Depending on the amount of nitrogen dioxide present, fuming nitric acid is further characterized as red fuming nitric acid at concentrations above 86%, or white fuming nitric acid at concentrations above 95%.
Nitric acid is the primary reagent used for nitration – the addition of a nitro group, typically to an organic molecule. While some resulting nitro compounds are shock- and thermally-sensitive explosives, a few are stable enough to be used in munitions and demolition, while others are still more stable and used as pigments in inks and dyes. Nitric acid is also commonly used as a strong oxidizing agent.
^ abcdefgNIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0447". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
^"nitric acid_msds".
^Bell, R. P. (1973), The Proton in Chemistry (2nd ed.), Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press
^ abZumdahl, Steven S. (2009). Chemical Principles 6th Ed. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. A22. ISBN 978-0-618-94690-7.
^"Safety Data Sheet" (PDF). fishersci.com. Fisher Scientific International. 23 March 2015. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 September 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
^Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 465–471. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
Nitricacid is the inorganic compound with the formula HNO3. It is a highly corrosive mineral acid. The compound is colorless, but samples tend to acquire...
Red fuming nitricacid (RFNA) is a storable oxidizer used as a rocket propellant. It consists of 84% nitricacid (HNO3), 13% dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4)...
production of nitricacid, water, and nitric oxide: 3 HNO2 → HNO3 + 2 NO + H2O The nitric oxide can subsequently be re-oxidized by air to nitricacid, making...
from Latin, "regal water" or "royal water") is a mixture of nitricacid and hydrochloric acid, optimally in a molar ratio of 1:3. Aqua regia is a fuming...
picric acid by treating silk with nitricacid; he found that potassium picrate could explode. Not until 1830 did chemists think to use picric acid as an...
process): N2 + O2 → 2 NO In the laboratory, nitric oxide is conveniently generated by reduction of dilute nitricacid with copper: 8 HNO3 + 3 Cu → 3 Cu(NO3)2...
colorless compound is a stronger acid than sulfuric acid, nitricacid and hydrochloric acid. It is a powerful oxidizer when hot, but aqueous solutions...
nitrating glycerol with white fuming nitricacid under conditions appropriate to the formation of the nitricacid ester. Chemically, the substance is an...
NOz compounds produced from the oxidation of NOx which include nitricacid, nitrous acid (HONO), dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5), peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN)...
to nitricacid. The fact that aqua regia typically is defined as a mixture of nitricacid and hydrochloric acid does not mean that hydrochloric acid was...
containing nitricacid and sulfuric acid. Ordinary commercial grade nitricacid consists of the constant boiling azeotrope of nitricacid and water, and...
Jean-Antoine-Claude Chaptal in 1790 when it was found that nitrogen was present in nitricacid and nitrates. Antoine Lavoisier suggested instead the name azote, from...
If the mark persists, further testing involves aqua regia (nitricacid and hydrochloric acid). If the mark dissolves, the item proves to be genuine gold...
concentrated nitricacid; Scheele called the acid that resulted socker-syra or såcker-syra (sugar acid). By 1784, Scheele had shown that "sugar acid" and oxalic...
2 NH+ 4 With nitrous acid, sulfamic acid reacts to give nitrogen: HNO2 + H3NSO3 → H2SO4 + N2 + H2O while with concentrated nitricacid, it affords nitrous...
copper by nitricacid is a complex reaction forming various nitrogen oxides of varying stability which depends on the concentration of the nitricacid, presence...
of nitric oxide anion via a disproportionation: K2[Ni(CN)4] + 2 NH2OH + KOH → K2[Ni(CN)3)NO] + NH3 + 2 H2O + KCN Nitricacid is a source of nitric oxide...
Saccharic acid, is a chemical compound with the formula C6H10O8. It is derived by oxidizing a sugar such as glucose with nitricacid. The salts of saccharic...
of nitricacid and nitrate salts. Nitrogen compounds also have an important role in organic chemistry, as nitrogen is part of proteins, amino acids and...
(acidity level). A common example is nitricacid produced by electric discharge in the atmosphere such as lightning. Acid deposition as an environmental issue...
uses, largely as a source of nitrate. Historically, nitricacid was produced by combining sulfuric acid with nitrates such as saltpeter. In modern times...
oxoacids (e.g. esters of acetic acid, carbonic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitricacid, xanthic acid), but also from acids that do not contain oxygen...
group symmetry. Industrially, NO2 is an intermediate in the synthesis of nitricacid, millions of tons of which are produced each year, primarily for the...
Mucic acid, C6H10O8 or HOOC-(CHOH)4-COOH (galactaric acid or meso-galactaric acid) is an aldaric acid obtained by nitricacid oxidation of galactose or...
variants). Azelaic acid's name stems from the action of nitricacid (azote, nitrogen, or azotic, nitric) oxidation of oleic acid or elaidic acid. It was detected...
nitrate with sulfuric acid produces nitricacid. When combined with nitricacid, sulfuric acid acts both as an acid and a dehydrating agent, forming the...
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