"Oil of vitriol" redirects here. For sweet oil of vitriol, see Diethyl ether.
"Sulphuric acid" redirects here. For the novel by Amélie Nothomb, see Sulphuric Acid (novel).
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Sulfuric acid
Space-filling model
Ball-and-stick model S=O bond length = 142.2 pm, S-O bond length = 157.4 pm, O-H bond length = 97 pm
Names
IUPAC name
Sulfuric acid
Other names
Oil of vitriol
Hydrogen sulfate
Identifiers
CAS Number
7664-93-9Y
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
ChEBI
CHEBI:26836Y
ChEMBL
ChEMBL572964Y
ChemSpider
1086Y
ECHA InfoCard
100.028.763
EC Number
231-639-5
E number
E513 (acidity regulators, ...)
Gmelin Reference
2122
KEGG
D05963Y
PubChem CID
1118
RTECS number
WS5600000
UNII
O40UQP6WCFY
UN number
1830
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
DTXSID5029683
InChI
InChI=1S/H2O4S/c1-5(2,3)4/h(H2,1,2,3,4)Y
Key: QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-NY
InChI=1/H2O4S/c1-5(2,3)4/h(H2,1,2,3,4)
Key: QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYAC
SMILES
OS(=O)(=O)O
Properties
Chemical formula
H2SO4, sometimes expressed (HO)2SO2
Molar mass
98.079 g/mol
Appearance
Colorless viscous liquid
Odor
Odorless
Density
1.8302 g/cm3, liquid[1]
Melting point
10.31[1] °C (50.56 °F; 283.46 K)
Boiling point
337[1] °C (639 °F; 610 K) When sulfuric acid is above 300 °C (572 °F; 573 K), it gradually decomposes to SO3 + H2O
Solubility in water
miscible, exothermic
Vapor pressure
0.001 mmHg (20 °C)[2]
Acidity (pKa)
pKa1 = −2.8 pKa2 = 1.99
Conjugate base
Bisulfate
Viscosity
26.7 cP (20 °C)
Structure[3]
Crystal structure
monoclinic
Space group
C2/c
Lattice constant
a = 818.1(2) pm, b = 469.60(10) pm, c = 856.3(2) pm
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references
Chemical compound
Sulfuric acid (American spelling and the preferred IUPAC name) or sulphuric acid (Commonwealth spelling), known in antiquity as oil of vitriol, is a mineral acid composed of the elements sulfur, oxygen, and hydrogen, with the molecular formula H2SO4. It is a colorless, odorless, and viscous liquid that is miscible with water.[6]
Pure sulfuric acid does not occur naturally due to its strong affinity to water vapor; it is hygroscopic and readily absorbs water vapor from the air.[6] Concentrated sulfuric acid is highly corrosive towards other materials, from rocks to metals, since it is an oxidant with powerful dehydrating properties. Phosphorus pentoxide is a notable exception in that it is not dehydrated by sulfuric acid but, to the contrary, dehydrates sulfuric acid to sulfur trioxide. Upon addition of sulfuric acid to water, a considerable amount of heat is released; thus, the reverse procedure of adding water to the acid should not be performed since the heat released may boil the solution, spraying droplets of hot acid during the process. Upon contact with body tissue, sulfuric acid can cause severe acidic chemical burns and even secondary thermal burns due to dehydration.[7][8] Dilute sulfuric acid is substantially less hazardous without the oxidative and dehydrating properties; however, it should still be handled with care for its acidity.
Sulfuric acid is a very important commodity chemical; a country's sulfuric acid production is a good indicator of its industrial strength.[9] Many methods for its production are known, including the contact process, the wet sulfuric acid process, and the lead chamber process.[10] Sulfuric acid is also a key substance in the chemical industry. It is most commonly used in fertilizer manufacture[11] but is also important in mineral processing, oil refining, wastewater processing, and chemical synthesis. It has a wide range of end applications, including in domestic acidic drain cleaners,[12] as an electrolyte in lead-acid batteries, in dehydrating a compound, and in various cleaning agents.
Sulfuric acid can be obtained by dissolving sulfur trioxide in water.
^ abcHaynes, William M. (2014). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (95 ed.). CRC Press. pp. 4–92. ISBN 9781482208689. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
^ abcdNIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0577". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
^Kemnitz, E.; Werner, C.; Trojanov, S. (15 November 1996). "Reinvestigation of Crystalline Sulfuric Acid and Oxonium Hydrogensulfate". Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications. 52 (11): 2665–2668. Bibcode:1996AcCrC..52.2665K. doi:10.1107/S0108270196006749.
^ abZumdahl, Steven S. (2009). Chemical Principles 6th Ed. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. A23. ISBN 978-0-618-94690-7.
^ abc"Sulfuric acid". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
^ ab"Sulfuric acid safety data sheet" (PDF). arkema-inc.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 June 2012. Clear to turbid oily odorless liquid, colorless to slightly yellow.
^Cite error: The named reference OA was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^"BASF Chemical Emergency Medical Guidelines – Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)" (PDF). BASF Chemical Company. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
^Chenier, Philip J. (1987). Survey of Industrial Chemistry. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 45–57. ISBN 978-0-471-01077-7.
^Hermann Müller "Sulfuric Acid and Sulfur Trioxide" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. 2000 doi:10.1002/14356007.a25_635
^"Sulfuric acid". essentialchemicalindustry.org.
^Cite error: The named reference dc was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
not dehydrated by sulfuricacid but, to the contrary, dehydrates sulfuricacid to sulfur trioxide. Upon addition of sulfuricacid to water, a considerable...
most [economically] important sulfur oxide". It is prepared on an industrial scale as a precursor to sulfuricacid. Sulfur trioxide exists in several forms...
Sulfuricacid poisoning refers to ingestion of sulfuricacid, found in lead-acid batteries and some metal cleaners, pool cleaners, drain cleaners and anti-rust...
concentrated sulfuricacid on copper turnings produces sulfur dioxide. Cu + 2 H2SO4 → CuSO4 + SO2 + 2 H2O Tin also reacts with concentrated sulfuricacid but it...
Sulfuric(IV) acid (United Kingdom spelling: sulphuric(IV) acid), also known as sulfurous (UK: sulphurous) acid and thionic acid,[citation needed] is the...
meaning oil), or fuming sulfuricacid, is a term referring to solutions of various compositions of sulfur trioxide in sulfuricacid, or sometimes more specifically...
with a solution of sulfur trioxide in sulfuricacid: HCl + SO3 → ClSO3H It can also be prepared by chlorination of sulfuricacid, written here for pedagogical...
respiratory infections. The effects of sulfur trioxide and sulfuricacid are similar because they both produce sulfuricacid when they come into touch with the...
producing sulfuricacid. About 80% to 85% of the world’s sulfur production is used to manufacture sulfuricacid. 50% of the world’s sulfuricacid production...
enzymes), acetic acid (vinegar is a dilute aqueous solution of this liquid), sulfuricacid (used in car batteries), and citric acid (found in citrus fruits)...
Rudolf Glauber devised a process to obtain nitric acid by distilling potassium nitrate with sulfuricacid. In 1776 Antoine Lavoisier cited Joseph Priestley's...
commercially available. It is a tetrahedral molecule and is closely related to sulfuricacid, H2SO4, substituting a fluorine atom for one of the hydroxyl groups...
element is the production of sulfuricacid for sulfate and phosphate fertilizers, and other chemical processes. Sulfur is used in matches, insecticides...
Chromic acid is jargon for a solution formed by the addition of sulfuricacid to aqueous solutions of dichromate. It consists at least in part of chromium...
Perchloric acid is a mineral acid with the formula HClO4. Usually found as an aqueous solution, this colorless compound is a stronger acid than sulfuricacid, nitric...
water, though they are not so soluble separately. Boric acid also dissolves in anhydrous sulfuricacid according to the equation: B(OH)3 + 6 H2SO4 → [B(SO4H)4]−...
derivatives of sulfamic acid. Sulfamic acid is produced industrially by treating urea with a mixture of sulfur trioxide and sulfuricacid (or oleum). The conversion...
process soon evolved, and the first sulfuricacid anodizing process was patented by Gower and O'Brien in 1927. Sulfuricacid soon became and remains the most...
in terms of corrosiveness, is trillions of times stronger than pure sulfuricacid when measured by its Hammett acidity function. It even protonates some...
chemical compound with formula (CH3O)2SO2. As the diester of methanol and sulfuricacid, its formula is often written as (CH3)2SO4 or Me2SO4, where CH3 or Me...
values near -12 for pure sulfuricacid. Unlike other hydrohalic acids, such as hydrochloric acid, hydrogen fluoride is only a weak acid in dilute aqueous solution...
of the dehydration reaction of sugar by concentrated sulfuricacid. With concentrated sulfuricacid, granulated table sugar (sucrose) performs a degradation...
(according to the original definition) is an acid with an acidity greater than that of 100% pure sulfuricacid (H2SO4), which has a Hammett acidity function...
substituent, it is known as a sulfo group. A sulfonic acid can be thought of as sulfuricacid with one hydroxyl group replaced by an organic substituent...
hydrochloric acid production. In the 17th century, Johann Rudolf Glauber from Karlstadt am Main, Germany used sodium chloride salt and sulfuricacid for the...
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