"Neurotrophic" redirects here. Not to be confused with Neurotropic.
Neurotrophic factors (NTFs) are a family of biomolecules – nearly all of which are peptides or small proteins – that support the growth, survival, and differentiation of both developing and mature neurons.[1][2][3] Most NTFs exert their trophic effects on neurons by signaling through tyrosine kinases,[2] usually a receptor tyrosine kinase. In the mature nervous system, they promote neuronal survival, induce synaptic plasticity, and modulate the formation of long-term memories.[2] Neurotrophic factors also promote the initial growth and development of neurons in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system, and they are capable of regrowing damaged neurons in test tubes and animal models.[1][4] Some neurotrophic factors are also released by the target tissue in order to guide the growth of developing axons. Most neurotrophic factors belong to one of three families: (1) neurotrophins, (2) glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor family ligands (GFLs), and (3) neuropoietic cytokines.[4] Each family has its own distinct cell signaling mechanisms, although the cellular responses elicited often do overlap.[4]
Currently, neurotrophic factors are being intensely studied for use in bioartificial nerve conduits because they are necessary in vivo for directing axon growth and regeneration. In studies, neurotrophic factors are normally used in conjunction with other techniques such as biological and physical cues created by the addition of cells and specific topographies. The neurotrophic factors may or may not be immobilized to the scaffold structure, though immobilization is preferred because it allows for the creation of permanent, controllable gradients. In some cases, such as neural drug delivery systems, they are loosely immobilized such that they can be selectively released at specified times and in specified amounts.[medical citation needed]
^ ab"Neurotrophic factors". Nature Publishing Group. Retrieved 31 May 2016. Neurotrophic factors are molecules that enhance the growth and survival potential of neurons. They play important roles in both development, where they can act as guidance cues for developing neurons, and in the mature nervous system, where they are involved in neuronal survival, synaptic plasticity and the formation of long-lasting memories.
^ abcMalenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 8: Atypical Neurotransmitters". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 199, 211–221. ISBN 9780071481274. Neurotrophic factors are polypeptides or small proteins that support the growth, differentiation, and survival of neurons. They produce their effects by activation of tyrosine kinases.
^Zigmond MJ, Cameron JL, Hoffer BJ, Smeyne RJ (2012). "Neurorestoration by physical exercise: moving forward". Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 18 (Suppl 1): S147–50. doi:10.1016/S1353-8020(11)70046-3. PMID 22166417. As will be discussed below, exercise stimulates the expression of several neurotrophic factors (NTFs).
Neurotrophicfactors (NTFs) are a family of biomolecules – nearly all of which are peptides or small proteins – that support the growth, survival, and...
Ciliary neurotrophicfactor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CNTF gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a polypeptide hormone and neurotrophic...
The survival of neurons is regulated by survival factors, called trophic factors. The neurotrophic hypothesis was formulated by Victor Hamburger and...
synonym for neurotrophicfactor, but the term neurotrophin is more generally reserved for four structurally related factors: nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived...
important role in not only producing neurotrophicfactors such as nerve growth factor (NGF) and ciliary neurotrophicfactor (CNTF), which promote growth, of...
generally more consistent, and observe HPA hyperactivity. Brain derived neurotrophicfactor levels are peripherally reduced in both manic and depressive phases...
in various directions independently of the radial glial fibers. Neurotrophicfactors are molecules which promote and regulate neuronal survival in the...
also known as tyrosine receptor kinase B, or BDNF/NT-3 growth factors receptor or neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor, type 2 is a protein that in humans...
neurotrophicfactors and only a fraction survive while others die by programmed cell death. Furthermore, the theory states that predetermined factors...
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a neurotrophicfactor and neuropeptide primarily involved in the regulation of growth, maintenance, proliferation, and survival...
which specifically bind to neurotrophins (neurotrophic factors). Two classes of neurotrophicfactor receptors are the p75 and the "Trk" families of Tyrosine...
(MDD) is caused, at least partly, by impaired neurotrophic support. Neurotrophicfactors (also known as neurotrophins) are a family of closely related proteins...
spinal cord. In addition to receiving neurotrophicfactors from muscles, α-MNs also secrete a number of trophic factors to support the muscle fibers they...
number of factors in the PNS system. Some factors include Schwann cell characteristics, neurotrophicfactors, and nerve branch size. These factors influence...
depressive disorder is heavily influenced by environmental and genetic factors. These factors include epigenetic modification of the genome which may result in...
several cytokines, bioactive lipids, coagulation factors, reactive oxygen intermediates, and neurotrophicfactors. The expression of these molecules depends...
The ciliary neurotrophicfactor receptor, also known as CNTFR, binds the ciliary neurotrophicfactor. This receptor and its cognate ligand support the...
Neuroprotective effects – Reactive astrocytes release neurotrophicfactors, such as glial cell-derived neurotrophicfactor (GDNF), which protects against programmed...
the production of neurotrophicfactors (compounds that promote growth or survival of neurons), such as brain-derived neurotrophicfactor (BDNF), insulin-like...
specific, VEGF is a sub-family of growth factors, the platelet-derived growth factor family of cystine-knot growth factors. They are important signaling proteins...
pro-apoptotic factors. A second mechanism is through the association of neurotrophicfactors like nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophicfactor (BDNF)...
New York. The company was founded in 1988. Originally focused on neurotrophicfactors and their regenerative capabilities, giving rise to its name, the...
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