Cellular response to brain injury involving glial cells
Medical condition
Gliosis
Specialty
Neurology
Gliosis is a nonspecific reactive change of glial cells in response to damage to the central nervous system (CNS). In most cases, gliosis involves the proliferation or hypertrophy of several different types of glial cells, including astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes. In its most extreme form, the proliferation associated with gliosis leads to the formation of a glial scar.
The process of gliosis involves a series of cellular and molecular events that occur over several days.[1] Typically, the first response to injury is the migration of macrophages and local microglia to the injury site. This process, which constitutes a form of gliosis known as microgliosis, begins within hours of the initial CNS injury.[1][2] Later, after 3–5 days, oligodendrocyte precursor cells are also recruited to the site and may contribute to remyelination.[1] The final component of gliosis is astrogliosis, the proliferation of surrounding astrocytes, which are the main constituents of the glial scar.
Gliosis has historically been given a negative connotation due to its appearance in many CNS diseases and the inhibition of axonal regeneration caused by glial scar formation. However, gliosis has been shown to have both beneficial and detrimental effects, and the balance between these is due to a complex array of factors and molecular signaling mechanisms, which affect the reaction of all glial cell types.[citation needed]
^ abcFawcett, James W; Asher, Richard.A (1999). "The glial scar and central nervous system repair". Brain Research Bulletin. 49 (6): 377–91. doi:10.1016/S0361-9230(99)00072-6. PMID 10483914. S2CID 20878075.
^Streit, Wolfgang J; Walter, Sharon A; Pennell, Nathan A (1999). "Reactive microgliosis". Progress in Neurobiology. 57 (6): 563–81. doi:10.1016/S0301-0082(98)00069-0. PMID 10221782. S2CID 44441542.
Gliosis is a nonspecific reactive change of glial cells in response to damage to the central nervous system (CNS). In most cases, gliosis involves the...
changes so as to replace lost or damaged tissue in a process known as gliosis. Radial glial cells originate from the transformation of neuroepithelial...
and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), is a classic marker for reactive gliosis. Axon regeneration does not occur in areas with an increase in GFAP and...
aqueduct closes due to the force. Formation of a septum implies that through gliosis, a membrane of glial cells has developed across the aqueduct. This abnormal...
is found on staining of brain tissue in the presence of long-standing gliosis, occasional tumors, and some metabolic disorders. Its presence is associated...
specific pattern of hippocampal neuronal loss accompanied by hippocampal gliosis and atrophy. Complex partial seizures occur when excessive and synchronous...
cells. The brain tissue will undergo liquefactive necrosis, and a rim of gliosis will form around the damaged area. Apart from a small amount in the blood...
cell loss and gliosis occurs in the CA1 sector, subiculum, entorhinal cortex, and the amygdala. The hippocampal neuronal cell loss and gliosis are disproportionate...
giant cells with PAS stain inclusions ("globoid cells") within astrocytic gliosis and loss of myelinated fibers. Specialty Metabolic disorder Symptoms Infancy:...
through three stages: 1) necrosis, 2) resorption, and 3) the formation gliosis scars or cysts. Cysts occur when large and confluent focuses of PVL, with...
caused by a variety of factors including ischemia, micro-hemorrhages, gliosis, damage to small blood vessel walls, breaches of the barrier between the...
cases, but the optic nerves may show demyelination, loss of axons and gliosis. International commerce of sulfuric acid is controlled under the United...
capillaries of the brain. Upon CNS injury astrocytes will proliferate, causing gliosis, a form of neuronal scar tissue, lacking in functional neurons. The brain...
cyst wall is formed by proliferating capillaries, inflammatory cells, and gliosis (proliferating glial cells) in the case of brain and proliferating fibroblasts...
A glial scar formation (gliosis) is a reactive cellular process involving astrogliosis that occurs after injury to the central nervous system. As with...
the blood-brain barrier first allow leakage of blood contents, promoting gliosis and white matter hyper-intensities on magnetic resonance imaging. Moreover...
arise via tumor compression (e.g. pinealoblastoma), or through cyclical gliosis secondary to an initial partial obstruction. The cerebral aqueduct was...
secondary lateral ventricular dilation. Necropsy shows loss of neurons and gliosis in the caudate and globus pallidus. Similar changes may also be seen in...
caused by a variety of factors, including ischemia, micro-hemorrhages, gliosis, damage to small blood vessel walls, breaches of the barrier between the...
emotion and memory. KS involves neuronal loss, that is, damage to neurons; gliosis, which is a result of damage to supporting cells of the central nervous...
examination reveals pronounced neuronal loss accompanied by spongiosis and gliosis, cortical ballooned cells, and notable intracytoplasmic filamentous tau...
leptomeningeal vessels, accelerated atherosclerosis and arteriolosclerosis. Gliosis is present. Astrocytes and microglia may show irregular cytoplasm, multiple...
have developed.[citation needed] This disease causes neuronal loss and gliosis, which can include the subthalamic nucleus and other areas of the brain...
may change brain structure, while others appear to have little effect. Gliosis, neuronal loss, and atrophy of specific areas of the brain are linked to...
may change brain structure, while others appear to have little effect. Gliosis, neuronal loss, and atrophy of specific areas of the brain are linked to...
injury to the cerebellum is fairly common, resulting in neuronal loss and gliosis. Symptoms of these disorders range from mild loss of fine motor control...
infiltration of monocytes and macrophages into the central nervous system (CNS), gliosis, pallor of myelin sheaths, abnormalities of dendritic processes and neuronal...
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