The core structure of benzodiazepines. "R" labels denote common locations of side chains, which give different benzodiazepines their unique properties.
Pronunciation: /ˌbɛnzoʊdaɪˈæzəpiːn/
Benzodiazepine
List of benzodiazepines
Benzodiazepine overdose
Benzodiazepine dependence
Benzodiazepine misuse
Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome
Effects of long-term benzodiazepine use
v
t
e
The tables below contain a sample list of benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine analogs that are commonly prescribed, with their basic pharmacological characteristics, such as half-life and equivalent doses to other benzodiazepines, also listed, along with their trade names and primary uses. The elimination half-life is how long it takes for half of the drug to be eliminated by the body. "Time to peak" refers to when maximum levels of the drug in the blood occur after a given dose. Benzodiazepines generally share the same pharmacological properties, such as anxiolytic, sedative, hypnotic, skeletal muscle relaxant, amnesic, and anticonvulsant effects. Variation in potency of certain effects may exist amongst individual benzodiazepines. Some benzodiazepines produce active metabolites. Active metabolites are produced when a person's body metabolizes the drug into compounds that share a similar pharmacological profile to the parent compound and thus are relevant when calculating how long the pharmacological effects of a drug will last. Long-acting benzodiazepines with long-acting active metabolites, such as diazepam and chlordiazepoxide, are often prescribed for benzodiazepine or alcohol withdrawal as well as for anxiety if constant dose levels are required throughout the day. Shorter-acting benzodiazepines are often preferred for insomnia due to their lesser hangover effect.[1][2][3][4][5]
It is fairly important to note that elimination half-life of diazepam and chlordiazepoxide, as well as other long half-life benzodiazepines, is twice as long in the elderly compared to younger individuals. Due to increased sensitivity and potentially dangerous adverse events among elderly patients, it is recommended to avoid prescribing them as specified by the 2015 American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria.[6] Individuals with an impaired liver also metabolize benzodiazepines more slowly. Thus, the approximate equivalent of doses below may need to be adjusted accordingly in individuals on short acting benzodiazepines who metabolize long-acting benzodiazepines more slowly and vice versa. The changes are most notable with long acting benzodiazepines as these are prone to significant accumulation in such individuals and can lead to withdrawal symptoms.[citation needed] For example, the equivalent dose of diazepam in an elderly individual on lorazepam may be half of what would be expected in a younger individual.[7][8] Equivalent doses of benzodiazepines differ as much as 20 fold.[9][10][11]
^Golombok S, Lader M (August 1984). "The psychopharmacological effects of premazepam, diazepam and placebo in healthy human subjects". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 18 (2): 127–133. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1984.tb02444.x. PMC 1463527. PMID 6148956.
^de Visser SJ, van der Post JP, de Waal PP, Cornet F, Cohen AF, van Gerven JM (January 2003). "Biomarkers for the effects of benzodiazepines in healthy volunteers". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 55 (1): 39–50. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2125.2002.t01-10-01714.x. PMC 1884188. PMID 12534639.
^"Benzodiazepine Names". non-benzodiazepines.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2008-12-08. Retrieved 2009-04-05.
^Hsiung R (July 1995). "Benzodiazepine Equivalence Charts". dr-bob.org. Archived from the original on 2009-02-09. Retrieved 2009-04-05.
^By the American Geriatrics Society 2015 Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel; et al. (American Geriatrics Society 2015 Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel) (November 2015). "American Geriatrics Society 2015 Updated Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults". Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 63 (11): 2227–2246. doi:10.1111/jgs.13702. PMID 26446832. S2CID 38797655.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^Salzman C (15 May 2004). Clinical geriatric psychopharmacology (4th ed.). USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 450–453. ISBN 978-0-7817-4380-8.
^Delcò F, Tchambaz L, Schlienger R, Drewe J, Krähenbühl S (2005). "Dose adjustment in patients with liver disease". Drug Safety. 28 (6): 529–545. doi:10.2165/00002018-200528060-00005. PMID 15924505. S2CID 9849818.
^Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Collins S (August 2008). "Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics". Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 118 (2): 69–86. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2008.01004.x. PMID 18384456. S2CID 24453988.
^Ashton H (July 1994). "Guidelines for the rational use of benzodiazepines. When and what to use". Drugs. 48 (1): 25–40. doi:10.2165/00003495-199448010-00004. PMID 7525193. S2CID 46966796.
^"benzo.org.uk : Benzodiazepines: How They Work & How to Withdraw, Prof C H Ashton DM, FRCP, 2002". benzo.org.uk. Retrieved 2019-12-19.
and 28 Related for: List of benzodiazepines information
The tables below contain a sample listofbenzodiazepines and benzodiazepine analogs that are commonly prescribed, with their basic pharmacological characteristics...
High doses of many shorter-acting benzodiazepines may also cause anterograde amnesia and dissociation. These properties make benzodiazepines useful in...
warning regarding concurrent use ofbenzodiazepines and opioids. Benzodiazepines are one of the most highly prescribed classes of drugs, and they are commonly...
and abuse ofbenzodiazepines, and physical dependence on them. The increased GABA inhibition on the neural systems caused by benzodiazepines is counteracted...
evidence for the need to take benzodiazepines, which in turn leads to withdrawal failure and reinstatement ofbenzodiazepines, often to higher doses. Pre-existing...
quinazolinones and benzodiazepines were introduced as safer alternatives to replace barbiturates; by the late 1970s, benzodiazepines emerged as the safer...
Benzodiazepine use disorder (BUD), also called misuse or abuse, is the use ofbenzodiazepines without a prescription and/or for recreational purposes...
Arylcyclohexylamine List of aminorex analogues List of benzodiazepinesListof fentanyl analogues Listof phenyltropanes Utopioid Ujváry I, Christie R, Evans-Brown...
List of drugs by year of discovery Listof drugs that can be smoked Listof 2C-* drugs ListofbenzodiazepinesListof cocaine analogues Listof methylphenidate...
section 5 of the May 2017 amendment to The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 along with several other designer benzodiazepine drugs. Listofbenzodiazepines Pyeazolam...
the action ofbenzodiazepines they need to contain an α and a γ subunit, between which the benzodiazepine binds. Once bound, the benzodiazepine locks the...
"Quinazolines and 1,4-benzodiazepines. 81. s-Triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepines by oxidative cyclization of hydrazones". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry...
Long-term use ofbenzodiazepines such as diazepam induces tolerance, dependency, and withdrawal syndrome. Like other benzodiazepines, diazepam impairs...
interact or enhance the effects ofbenzodiazepines. Benzodiazepines, including lorazepam, have been found to increase the risk of falls and fractures in the...
half-life of the active metabolite is about the same as the parent compound loprazolam. BenzodiazepineListofbenzodiazepinesBenzodiazepine dependence...
Swedish study of 1,587 deaths, in 159 cases benzodiazepines were found. In suicides when benzodiazepines were implicated, the benzodiazepines flunitrazepam...
is a thienodiazepine drug which is a benzodiazepine analog. The clotiazepam molecule differs from benzodiazepines in that the benzene ring has been replaced...
ofbenzodiazepines has been associated with long-lasting deficits in memory, and show only partial recovery six months after stopping benzodiazepines...
reported among benzodiazepines by recreational drug users. Drug users tend have a higher preference for temazepam over other benzodiazepines. The three most...
other benzodiazepines. It was patented in 1962 and approved for medical use in 1964. It is an intermediate-acting benzodiazepine with a slow onset of action...
effectiveness of taking benzodiazepines along with antipsychotic medication is unknown, and more research is needed to determine if benzodiazepines are more...
reverses the effects ofbenzodiazepines by competitive inhibition at the benzodiazepine (BZ) recognition site on the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor complex...
among the safer benzodiazepines to use during pregnancy in comparison to other benzodiazepines. Possible adverse effects from benzodiazepine use during pregnancy...
It possesses pharmacological properties similar to those of other benzodiazepines, but it is generally only used as a sedative to treat severe insomnia...
rapid discontinuation from etizolam, as with benzodiazepines, may result in the appearance of the benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome, including rebound insomnia...
microgram level. It is active at 0.1 mg. Listofbenzodiazepines "Europol 2016 Annual Report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA" (PDF)...
largely been replaced by benzodiazepines and nonbenzodiazepines ("Z-drugs") in routine medical practice, particularly in the treatment of anxiety disorders and...