Benzimidazole opioids, also known as nitazenes, are a class of synthetic opioids with an unusual benzimidazole structure often referred to as "opioid New Psychoactive Substances", or "opioid NPS".[1] First synthesized in the 1950s by CIBA Pharmaceuticals as potential analgesic medications, several substances in the class have been identified, the best known being etonitazene. Like other synthetic opioids, benzimidazole opioids bind the mu-opioid receptor and may exhibit potency up to several hundred times that of morphine. While several substances in this class have found applications in research, they have never been used in clinical medicine due to their profound risk of respiratory depression and death,[2] and have in the early 2020s been recognized as emerging drugs of abuse.[3][4][5] Isotonitazine was first identified in samples of illicit drugs, and implicated in opioid overdose deaths in Europe, Canada, and the United States beginning in 2019.[6] Previously known nitazene analogs such as metonitazine and butonitazine, as well as novel nitazenes not previously patented, have since been discovered in toxicologic samples during forensic investigations.[5]
^Ujváry I, Christie R, Evans-Brown M, Gallegos A, Jorge R, de Morais J, et al. (April 2021). "DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Etonitazene and Related Benzimidazoles". ACS Chemical Neuroscience. 12 (7): 1072–1092. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00037. PMID 33760580. S2CID 232356192.
^Montanari E, Madeo G, Pichini S, Busardò FP, Carlier J (August 2022). "Acute Intoxications and Fatalities Associated With Benzimidazole Opioid (Nitazene Analog) Use: A Systematic Review". Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 44 (4): 494–510. doi:10.1097/FTD.0000000000000970. PMID 35149665. S2CID 246776288.
^US patent 2935514, Hoffman K, Hunger A, "BENZMDAZOLES (sic)", published 1960-05-03, assigned to Ciba Pharmaceutical Products Inc.
^ abWalton SE, Krotulski AJ, Logan BK (March 2022). "A Forward-Thinking Approach to Addressing the New Synthetic Opioid 2-Benzylbenzimidazole Nitazene Analogs by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry (LC-QQQ-MS)". Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 46 (3): 221–231. doi:10.1093/jat/bkab117. PMC 8935987. PMID 34792157.
^European Monitoring Centre for Drugs Drug Addiction (2020-11-13). "Report on the risk assessment of N,N-diethyl-2- 4-(1-methylethoxy)phenyl]methyl]-5-nitro-1Hbenzimidazole- 1-ethanamine (isotonitazene) in accordance with Article 5c of Regulation (EC) No 1920/2006 (as amended)". European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Publications Office of the European Union. doi:10.2810/107576. ISBN 9789294974952. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
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Benzimidazoleopioids, also known as nitazenes, are a class of synthetic opioids with an unusual benzimidazole structure often referred to as "opioid...
Benzimidazole is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound. This bicyclic compound may be viewed as fused rings of the aromatic compounds benzene and imidazole...
control in the US in December 2021. Etonitazepyne Isotonitazene Listofbenzimidazoleopioids Hunger A, Kebrle J, Rossi A, Hoffmann K (1960). "Benzimidazol-derivate...
is a benzimidazole derivative with opioid effects which has been sold as a designer drug over the internet since early 2022. It is an analogue of etonitazene...
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This is a listofopioids, opioid antagonists and inverse agonists. B&O Supprettes Diascordium Dover's powder Kendal Black Drop Laudanum Mithridate Opium...
Opioids are a class of drugs that derive from, or mimic, natural substances found in the opium poppy plant. Opioids work in the brain to produce a variety...
Butonitazene Isotonitazene Listofbenzimidazoleopioids "A review of the evidence on the use and harms of 2-benzyl benzimidazole ('nitazene') and piperidine...
CS-4640, is a benzimidazoleopioid, first reported in 1957, that has been shown to have approximately 1,000 to 1,500 times the potency of morphine in animals...
specifically listed as an illegal drug in the US state of Virginia. Isotonitazene Metonitazene Etomethazene Etonitazepipne Listofbenzimidazoleopioids Alexandrovich...
a benzimidazole-derived opioid analgesic drug related to etonitazene, which has been sold as a designer drug. It has only around half the potency of etonitazene...
potency of newly discovered analogues until pharmacological testing has been carried out. 25-NB Arylcyclohexylamine ListofbenzimidazoleopioidsListof phenyltropanes...
(August 2022). "Acute Intoxications and Fatalities Associated With BenzimidazoleOpioid (Nitazene Analog) Use: A Systematic Review". Therapeutic Drug Monitoring...
dangers that emerged in 2017, when potent mixtures of synthetic opioids, for example benzimidazoleopioids or fentanyl analogues, were often sold on the street...
is a benzimidazole derivative with potent opioid effects which has been sold over the internet as a designer drug and linked to numerous cases of overdose...
Protonitazene is a benzimidazole derivative with potent opioid effects which has been sold over the internet as a designer drug since 2019, and has been...
Butonitazene is a benzimidazole derivative with opioid effects, which has been sold over the internet as a designer drug. It has relatively low potency...
compounds, with the intention of finding safer analgesics that produce less respiratory depression than typical opioids. Brorphine was originally reported...
"[Synthesis of analgesically active benzimidazole derivatives with basic substitutions]" [Synthesis of analgesically active benzimidazole derivatives...
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