A cloud of hot ash and volcanic gases emitted during an explosive volcanic eruption
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Satellite animation of the initial eruption column and shockwave from Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai on 15 January 2022
An eruption column or eruption plume is a cloud of super-heated ash and tephra suspended in gases emitted during an explosive volcanic eruption. The volcanic materials form a vertical column or plume that may rise many kilometers into the air above the vent of the volcano. In the most explosive eruptions, the eruption column may rise over 40 km (25 mi), penetrating the stratosphere. Stratospheric injection of aerosols by volcanoes is a major cause of short-term climate change.
A common occurrence in explosive eruptions is column collapse when the eruption column is or becomes too dense to be lifted high into the sky by air convection, and instead falls down the slopes of the volcano to form pyroclastic flows or surges (although the latter is less dense). On some occasions, if the material is not dense enough to fall, it may create pyrocumulonimbus clouds.
An eruptioncolumn or eruption plume is a cloud of super-heated ash and tephra suspended in gases emitted during an explosive volcanic eruption. The volcanic...
Plinian eruptions or Vesuvian eruptions are volcanic eruptions marked by their similarity to the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD, which destroyed...
occurred during the next six months to three years. The ash from the eruptioncolumn dispersed around the world and lowered global temperatures in an event...
The event gives its name to the Vesuvian type of volcanic eruption, characterised by columns of hot gases and ash reaching the stratosphere, although the...
Ultra-Plinian eruptioncolumns more than 30 km (19 mi) high, bigger than the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD that buried Pompeii. Hawaiian eruptions are a...
small lava dome. On June 12, the volcano's first spectacular eruption sent an ash column 19 km (12 mi) into the atmosphere. Additional explosions occurred...
The 1883 eruption of Krakatoa (Indonesian: Letusan Krakatau 1883) in the Sunda Strait occurred from 20 May until 21 October 1883, peaking in the late morning...
collapse of an eruptioncolumn from a Plinian eruption (e.g. Mount Vesuvius' destruction of Herculaneum and Pompeii in 79 AD). In such an eruption, the material...
Popondetta. The eruptioncolumn was 25,000–30,000 feet in height by January 20. From Kokoda, the eruption was described as a large black column, and had a...
event is known as the Millennium Eruption or Tianchi eruption and it was one of the most powerful volcanic eruptions in recorded history and is classified...
including the Barujari cone, which remains active. The event created eruptioncolumns reaching tens of kilometres into the atmosphere and pyroclastic flows...
last eruption was in 2011. Four large eruptions took place in 17,300–17,440 BP ("H0 eruption"), 7,750 BP ("H1 eruption"), 4,200 BP ("H2 eruption") and...
The Minoan eruption was a catastrophic volcanic eruption that devastated the Aegean island of Thera (also called Santorini) circa 1600 BCE. It destroyed...
is usually followed by the explosive clearing of the vent and the eruptioncolumn is dirty grey to black as old weathered rocks are blasted out of the...
Hatepe eruption, named for the Hatepe Plinian pumice tephra layer, sometimes referred to as the Taupō eruption or Horomatangi Reef Unit Y eruption, is dated...
Zealand. The eruption began at roughly 2:00 a.m. and lasted for approximately six hours, causing a 10-kilometre-high (6.2 mi) ash column, earthquakes...
1999 and followed by a series of eruptions in the next two consecutive years. On January 5, a 5-km-high ash column was produced by an explosion. Growth...
supervolcano. Many old lava flows are on its flanks and the last known eruption, before recent times, occurred 1200 years before present, between 740 -...
eruption is a type of volcanic eruption with relatively mild blasts, typically having a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 1 or 2. Strombolian eruptions consist...
Mount Pelée. Plinian eruptions are the most violent of all volcanic eruptions. They are characterized by sustained huge eruptioncolumns whose collapse produces...
These are typically produced by lava dome collapse or collapse of the eruptioncolumn. Within pyroclastic density currents particle abrasion occurs as particles...
gravity will settle out from an eruption plume or eruptioncolumn Ejecta settling from an eruptive plume or eruptioncolumn that is displaced laterally by...
notorious for its VEI-6 eruption on June 15, 1991, the second-largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th century after the 1912 eruption of Novarupta in Alaska...
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