Devastated the Minoan settlements of Akrotiri, the island of Thera, communities and agricultural areas on nearby islands, and the coast of Crete with related earthquakes and tsunamis.
Thera
The Minoan eruption was a catastrophic volcanic eruption that devastated the Aegean island of Thera (also called Santorini) circa 1600 BCE.[2][3] It destroyed the Minoan settlement at Akrotiri, as well as communities and agricultural areas on nearby islands and the coast of Crete with subsequent earthquakes and paleotsunamis.[4] With a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of between 6 and 7, it resulted in the ejection of approximately 28–41 km3 (6.7–9.8 cu mi) of dense-rock equivalent (DRE),[5][1] the eruption was one of the largest volcanic events in human history.[6][7][8] Since tephra from the Minoan eruption serves as a marker horizon in nearly all archaeological sites in the Eastern Mediterranean,[9] its precise date is of high importance and has been fiercely debated among archaeologists and volcanologists for decades,[10][11] without coming to a definite conclusion.
Although there are no clear ancient records of the eruption, its plume and volcanic lightning may have been described in the Egyptian Tempest Stele.[12] The Chinese Bamboo Annals reported unusual yellow skies and summer frost at the beginning of the Shang dynasty, which may have been a consequence of volcanic winter (similar to 1816, the Year Without a Summer, after the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora).[13]
^ abKarstens, Jens; Preine, Jonas; Crutchley, Gareth J.; Kutterolf, Steffen; van der Bilt, Willem G. M.; Hooft, Emilie E. E.; Druitt, Timothy H.; Schmid, Florian; Cederstrøm, Jan Magne; Hübscher, Christian; Nomikou, Paraskevi; Carey, Steven; Kühn, Michel; Elger, Judith; Berndt, Christian (2023-04-29). "Revised Minoan eruption volume as benchmark for large volcanic eruptions". Nature Communications. 14 (1): 2497. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14.2497K. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-38176-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 10148807. PMID 37120623.
^Hardy DA (1989). "Therea and the Aegean World III", Volume III—Chronology (Proceedings of the Third International Congress, Hardy DA, editor). Retrieved 2008-03-16.
^Paris, Raphael, et al., (2022). "A Minoan and a Neolithic tsunami recorded in coastal sediments of Ios Island, Aegean Sea, Greece", in: Marine Geology, Volume 452, October 2022, Abstract: "...tsunami deposits on the coasts of Ios Island, Aegean Sea, Greece...marine sediments and pumices from the ~1600 BCE Minoan eruption of Santorini volcano. This is the first evidence of the Minoan tsunami in the Cycladic Islands North of Santorini."
^Antonopoulos, J. (1992). "The great Minoan eruption of Thera volcano and the ensuing tsunami in the Greek Archipelago". Natural Hazards. 5 (2): 153–68. Bibcode:1992NatHa...5..153A. doi:10.1007/BF00127003. S2CID 129836887.
^Karstens, J.; Preine, J.; Crutchley, G.J.; Kutterolf, S.; van der Bilt, W.; Hooft, E.; Druitt, T.H.; Schmid, F.; Cederstrøm, J.M.; Hübscher, C.; Nomikou, P.; Carey, S.; Kühn, M.; Elger, J.; Berndt, C. (2022). "Revising the volume of the Minoan eruption (Santorini) based on new marine geophysical and sedimentological data" (PDF). 11th Conference Cities on Volcanoes (COV11).
^Oppenheimer, Clive (2003). "Climatic, environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption: Tambora volcano (Indonesia) 1815". Progress in Physical Geography. 27 (2): 230–59. Bibcode:2003PrPG...27..230O. doi:10.1191/0309133303pp379ra. S2CID 131663534.
^McCoy, FW, & Dunn, SE (2002). "Modelling the Climatic Effects of the LBA Eruption of Thera: New Calculations of Tephra Volumes May Suggest a Significantly Larger Eruption than Previously Reported" (PDF). Chapman Conference on Volcanism and the Earth's Atmosphere. Thera, Greece: American Geographical Union. Retrieved 2007-05-29.{{cite conference}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Sigurdsson H, Carey, S, Alexandri M, Vougioukalakis G, Croff K, Roman C, Sakellariou D, Anagnostou C, Rousakis G, Ioakim C, Gogou A, Ballas D, Misaridis T, & Nomikou P (2006). "Marine Investigations of Greece's Santorini Volcanic Field". Eos. 87 (34): 337–48. Bibcode:2006EOSTr..87..337S. doi:10.1029/2006EO340001.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Friedrich, Walter L. (2013). "The Minoan Eruption of Santorini around 1613 B. C. and its consequences" (PDF). Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle. 9: 37–48. ISSN 1867-4402.
^Aitken, M. J. (1988). "The Thera Eruption: Continuing Discussion of the Dating". archaeometry. 30 (1): 165–182. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.1988.tb00444.x.
^Kutschera, Walter (2020). "On the enigma of dating the Minoan eruption of Santorini". PNAS. 117 (16): 8677–8679. Bibcode:2020PNAS..117.8677K. doi:10.1073/pnas.2004243117. PMC 7183194. PMID 32291333.
^Foster, Karen Polinger; et al. (1996). "Texts, Storms, and the Thera Eruption". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 55 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1086/373781. S2CID 162024484.
^Pang, K. D.; et al. (1989). "Climatic and Hydrologic Extremes in Early Chinese History: Possible Causes and Dates". Eos. 70: 1095.
The Minoaneruption was a catastrophic volcanic eruption that devastated the Aegean island of Thera (also called Santorini) circa 1600 BCE. It destroyed...
of one of the largest volcanic eruptions in recorded history: the Minoaneruption (sometimes called the Thera eruption), which occurred about 3,600 years...
Surtsey eruption. In other cases the water may be present in a lake or caldera-lake, as at Santorini, where the phreatomagmatic component of the Minoan eruption...
related to the eruption, such as eruption-caused tsunami debris to pinpoint the exact timing of the event, and therefore which Minoan period it belongs...
BP during the Minoaneruption. Palea Kameni and Nea Kameni were formed as a result of multiple, initially submarine, smaller eruptions at the center of...
the biblical Exodus narrative, the Hyksos expulsion, and the Minoan (Thera) volcanic eruption c. 1600 BCE. Apocalyptic rainstorms, which devastated much...
The Minoan civilization was a Bronze Age culture which was centered on the island of Crete. Known for its monumental architecture and energetic art, it...
one of the largest eruptions in the last 5,000 years, comparable to the Minoaneruption in the 2nd millennium BCE, the 946 eruption of Paektu Mountain...
Point culture in North America. 1600 BC: Minoaneruption destroys Akrotiri and causes damage to some Minoan sites in eastern Crete. 1600 BC: The beginning...
eruptions by human death toll. Lists of disasters List of volcanic eruption deaths List of natural disasters by death toll List of volcanic eruptions...
one, or more, volcanic eruptions e.g. the Minoaneruption of Thera, the Avellino eruption of Mount Vesuvius, and/or the eruption of Mount Aniakchak in...
Millennium Eruption was one of the largest and most powerful eruptions in the last 5,000 years, along with the Minoaneruption of Thera, the Hatepe eruption of...
the original on 2017-02-04. Retrieved 2017-10-27. "The size of the Minoaneruption". "Olympic Games". "Boxing in the Ancient World". www.historyoffighting...
Minoan art is the art produced by the Bronze Age Aegean Minoan civilization from about 3000 to 1100 BC, though the most extensive and finest survivals...
A natural disaster might be caused by earthquakes, flooding, volcanic eruption, landslide, hurricanes, etc. To be classified as a disaster, it must have...
possible that Egypt was affected by the atmospheric effects of the Minoaneruption. Shaw, Ian. The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. p. 209−210 Oxford...
Judith; Berndt, Christian (2023-04-29). "Revised Minoaneruption volume as benchmark for large volcanic eruptions". Nature Communications. 14 (1): 2497. Bibcode:2023NatCo...
The Thera eruption, dated to the seventeenth or sixteenth century BC, caused a large tsunami that some experts hypothesize devastated the Minoan civilization...
may have occurred during the Minoaneruption of Santorini in 1638 BC, the 1650 eruption of Kolumbo and the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa. Tsunamis caused...
calibrated BC. They were suggesting a coincidence of a number of eruptions, such as the Minoaneruption on Santorini. The hypothesis remains unverifiable a generation...
the Minoaneruption of Santorini The Hekla 3 eruption of about 1200 BC, contemporary with the historical Bronze Age collapse The Hatepe eruption (sometimes...
volcanic eruptions occurred, including Mount Vesuvius (Avellino eruption, about 1660 BC), Mount Aniakchak (about 1645 BC), and Thera (Minoaneruption, about...
the island of Thera, suggest that the centre of the Minoan civilization at the time of the eruption was actually on Thera rather than on Crete. According...
Various volcanic eruptions have been suggested for the cause of this climatic event; the Minoaneruption of Thera, the Avellino eruption of Mount Vesuvius...
States, Oregon) eruption in the 6th millennium BC, the Cerro Blanco (Argentina) eruption about 4,200 years ago, the Minoaneruption (in Santorini, Greece)...
1315–1317 Justinian I, Roman emperor at the time Laki Minoaneruption Tierra Blanca Joven eruption Volcanism of Iceland Year Without a Summer, 1816 The...
natural disasters by death toll Lists of earthquakes Minoaneruption – Major volcanic eruption around 1600 BCE Rogue wave – Unexpectedly large transient...
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