Natural material created during volcanic eruptions
"Ash cloud" redirects here. For general topic, see Ash. For other uses, see Ash (disambiguation).
Ash cloud from the 2008 eruption of Chaitén volcano, Chile, stretching across Patagonia from the Pacific to the Atlantic OceanAsh plume rising from Eyjafjallajökull on April 17, 2010Volcanic ash deposits on a parked McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 during the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo. While falling ash behaves in a similar manner to snow, the sheer weight of deposits can cause serious damage to buildings and vehicles. In this case, volcanic ash deposits shifted the airliner's center of gravity, leading to it resting on its tail.Ash plume from Mt Cleveland, a stratovolcano in the Aleutian Islands
Volcanic ash consists of fragments of rock, mineral crystals, and volcanic glass, produced during volcanic eruptions and measuring less than 2 mm (0.079 inches) in diameter.[1] The term volcanic ash is also often loosely used to refer to all explosive eruption products (correctly referred to as tephra), including particles larger than 2 mm. Volcanic ash is formed during explosive volcanic eruptions when dissolved gases in magma expand and escape violently into the atmosphere. The force of the gases shatters the magma and propels it into the atmosphere where it solidifies into fragments of volcanic rock and glass. Ash is also produced when magma comes into contact with water during phreatomagmatic eruptions, causing the water to explosively flash to steam leading to shattering of magma. Once in the air, ash is transported by wind up to thousands of kilometres away.
Due to its wide dispersal, ash can have a number of impacts on society, including animal and human health, disruption to aviation, disruption to critical infrastructure (e.g., electric power supply systems, telecommunications, water and waste-water networks, transportation), primary industries (e.g., agriculture), buildings and structures.
^Rose, W.I.; Durant, A.J. (2009). "Fine ash content of explosive eruptions". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 186 (1–2): 32–39. Bibcode:2009JVGR..186...32R. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.01.010.
Volcanicash consists of fragments of rock, mineral crystals, and volcanic glass, produced during volcanic eruptions and measuring less than 2 mm (0.079 inches)...
crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanicash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface. On Earth...
a type of rock made of volcanicash ejected from a vent during a volcanic eruption. Following ejection and deposition, the ash is lithified into a solid...
Several types of volcanic eruptions—during which material is expelled from a volcanic vent or fissure—have been distinguished by volcanologists. These...
Plumes of volcanicash near active volcanoes are a flight safety hazard, especially for night flights. Volcanicash is hard and abrasive, and can quickly...
colliding, fragmenting particles of volcanicash (and sometimes ice), which generate static electricity within the volcanic plume, leading to the name dirty...
is a cloud of super-heated ash and tephra suspended in gases emitted during an explosive volcanic eruption. The volcanic materials form a vertical column...
and may also form glassy lava flows. Ash-flow tuffs typically consist of countless microscopic shards of volcanic glass. Basalt, which is low in silica...
within a viscous magma such that expelled lava violently froths into volcanicash when pressure is suddenly lowered at the vent. Sometimes a lava plug...
is a geochronological technique that uses discrete layers of tephra—volcanicash from a single eruption—to create a chronological framework in which paleoenvironmental...
this phenomenon. Nine VolcanicAsh Advisory Centers were established by the International Civil Aviation Organization to monitor ash clouds and advise pilots...
A jet engine is a type of reaction engine, discharging a fast-moving jet of heated gas (usually air) that generates thrust by jet propulsion. While this...
disease caused by inhaling very fine ash and sand dust". Clinical and toxicological research conducted on volcanic crystalline silica has found little...
ash Products of coal combustion Bottom ash Fly ash Cigarette or cigar ash Incinerator bottom ash, a form of ash produced in incinerators Volcanicash...
the magma to produce a mixture of volcanicash and other tephra with the very hot gases. The mixture of ash and volcanic gases initially rises into the atmosphere...
Volcanism, vulcanism, volcanicity, or volcanic activity is the phenomenon where solids, liquids, gases, and their mixtures erupt to the surface of a solid-surface...
thin ash fall mainly in the village areas of Ngadirejo and Sukapura Wonokerto in Probolinggo Regency. The impact of a heavy rain of volcanicash from...
are small, steep-sided volcanic cones built of loose pyroclastic fragments, such as either volcanic clinkers, cinders, volcanicash, or scoria. They consist...
mid-September onwards, culminating in repeated outbursts of lava and volcanicash. Large eruption columns formed, causing numerous pyroclastic flows down...
A VolcanicAsh Advisory Center (VAAC) is a group of experts responsible for coordinating and disseminating information on atmospheric volcanicash clouds...
Yu (1994). "VolcanicAsh in Kamchatka as a Source of Potential Hazard to Air Traffic" (PDF). In Casadevall, Thomas J. (ed.). VolcanicAsh and Aviation...
petrifaction process occurs underground, when wood becomes buried in water or volcanicash. The presence of water reduces the availability of oxygen which inhibits...
avalanche-like, ground-sweeping, incandescent mixtures of hot volcanic debris, fine ash, fragmented lava, and superheated gases that can travel at speeds...
days or months. The longer eruptions begin with production of clouds of volcanicash, sometimes with pyroclastic surges. The amount of magma ejected can be...
long after the volcanic aerosols have dissipated. An explosive volcanic eruption releases magma materials in the form of volcanicash and gases into the...
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