1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo information

1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo
1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo
	Eruption column on June 12, 1991
Volcano	Mount Pinatubo
Start date	April 2, 1991
End date	September 2, 1991
Type	Phreatic, Ultra-Plinian
Location	Zambales Mountains, Central Luzon, Philippines; 15°08′30″N 120°21′00″E / 15.14167°N 120.35000°E
VEI	6
Impact	About 20,000 people evacuated; 847 people killed and approximately 10,000 people left homeless; Huge destruction left in surrounding areas; Release of 17 megatons of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere, causing global cooling by 0.5 °C (0.9 °F) between 1991 and 1993; Lahars and mudflows inundated some portions of Pampanga, Tarlac, and Zambales after the eruption.;

The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines' Luzon Volcanic Arc was the second-largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century, behind only the 1912 eruption of Novarupta in Alaska. Eruptive activity began on April 2 as a series of phreatic explosions from a fissure that opened on the north side of Mount Pinatubo. Seismographs were set up and began monitoring the volcano for earthquakes. In late May, the number of seismic events under the volcano fluctuated from day-to-day. Beginning June 6, a swarm of progressively shallower earthquakes accompanied by inflationary tilt on the upper east flank of the mountain, culminated in the extrusion of a small lava dome.^[4]

On June 12, the volcano's first spectacular eruption sent an ash column 19 km (12 mi) into the atmosphere. Additional explosions occurred overnight and the morning of June 13. Seismic activity during this period became intense. When even more highly gas-charged magma reached Pinatubo's surface on June 15, the volcano exploded, sending an ash cloud 40 km (25 mi) into the atmosphere. Volcanic ash and pumice blanketed the countryside. Huge pyroclastic flows roared down the flanks of Pinatubo, filling once-deep valleys with fresh volcanic deposits as much as 200 m (660 ft) thick. The eruption removed so much magma and rock from beneath the volcano that the summit collapsed to form a small caldera 2.5 km (1.6 mi) across.^[4]

Fine ash from the eruption fell as far away as the Indian Ocean and satellites tracked the ash cloud as it traveled several times around the globe. At least 16 commercial jets inadvertently flew through the drifting ash cloud, sustaining about $100 million in damage. With the ashfall came darkness and the sounds of lahars rumbling down nearby river valleys. Several smaller lahars washed through the Clark Air Base, flowing across the base in enormously powerful sheets, slamming into buildings and scattering cars. Nearly every bridge within 30 km (19 mi) of Mount Pinatubo was destroyed. Several lowland towns were flooded or partially buried in mud. More than 840 people were killed from the collapse of roofs under wet heavy ash and several more were injured.^[4]

Rain continued to create hazards over the next several years, as the volcanic deposits were remobilized into secondary mudflows. Damage to bridges, irrigation-canal systems, roads, cropland, and urban areas occurred in the wake of each significant rainfall. Many more people were affected for much longer by rain-induced lahars than by the eruption itself.^[4]

^ ^a ^b ^c "Pinatubo". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved January 21, 2020.
^ "The Cataclysmic 1991 Eruption of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines". U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 113-97. U.S. Geologic Survey. 1997.
^ Rosenberg, Matt (August 5, 2007). "The Volcanic Mount Pinatubo Eruption of 1991 that Cooled the Planet". About.com Geography. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey (June 13, 2016). "Remembering Mount Pinatubo 25 Years Ago: Mitigating a Crisis". www.usgs.gov. Retrieved January 27, 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

[SI-1] "Pinatubo". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved January 21, 2020.

[USGS-2] "The Cataclysmic 1991 Eruption of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines". U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 113-97. U.S. Geologic Survey. 1997.

[3] Rosenberg, Matt (August 5, 2007). "The Volcanic Mount Pinatubo Eruption of 1991 that Cooled the Planet". About.com Geography. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved March 16, 2024.

[USGS_2-4] Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey (June 13, 2016). "Remembering Mount Pinatubo 25 Years Ago: Mitigating a Crisis". www.usgs.gov. Retrieved January 27, 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo information

and 26 Related for: 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo information

1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo

Mount Pinatubo

Lake Pinatubo

Phreatomagmatic eruption

Plinian eruption

1815 eruption of Mount Tambora

National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council

Mapanuepe Lake

Operation Fiery Vigil

Eruption column

Novarupta

List of volcanic eruptions by death toll

Mount Hudson

Tierra Blanca Joven eruption

Botolan

Lahar

1991 in the Philippines

Global dimming

List of largest volcanic eruptions

List of large Holocene volcanic eruptions

Zambales

Angeles City

Bamban Bridge

Philippines

Mount Aniakchak

Stratovolcano

Part of a series on the
History of the Philippines

Timeline
Prehistoric period (pre-900) Early hominin activity Homo luzonensis Tabon Man Austronesian expansion Angono Petroglyphs Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens Jade culture Sa Huỳnh culture Precolonial barangay Maritime Silk Road Events/Artifacts Balangay Cordillera Rice Terraces Grave goods Kalanay Cave Maitum anthropomorphic pottery Manunggul Jar Prehistoric beads Shell tools
Precolonial period (900–1565) Historically documented states/polities (north to south) Caboloan Cainta Tondo Namayan Maynila Ibalon Ma-i Pulilu Sandao Madja-as Dapitan Cebu Butuan Sanmalan Sultanate of Maguindanao Sultanate of Buayan Sultanates of Lanao Sultanate of Sulu Events/Artifacts Maragtas Laguna Copperplate Inscription Butuan Ivory Seal Limestone tombs of Kamhantik Kabayan Mummies Baybayin Batanes Ijang fortresses Golden Tara of Agusan Monreal Stones Butuan Silver Paleograph Piloncitos Barter rings Luzones Magellan expedition Battle of Mactan
Spanish colonial period (1565–1898) Events Voyage of Miguel López de Legazpi Sandugo Treaty of Cebu Blockade of Cebu Spanish capture of Manila Battle of Bangkusay New Spain Spanish East Indies Captaincy General Tondo Conspiracy Manila galleon Revolts and uprisings Spanish–Moro conflict Battles of La Naval de Manila British invasion Propaganda Movement 1872 Cavite mutiny La Liga Filipina Katipunan Cry of Pugad Lawin Philippine Revolution Tejeros Convention Republic of Biak-na-Bato Spanish–American War Treaty of Paris (1898) Battle of Manila Bay Declaration of Independence American capture of Manila Malolos Congress First Republic Philippine–American War Artifacts Boxer Codex Doctrina Christiana UST Baybayin Documents Velarde map
American colonial period (1898–1946) Tagalog Republic Negros Republic Zamboanga Republic Military Government Moro Rebellion Insular Government Jones Law Tydings–McDuffie Act Commonwealth World War II Japanese occupation Battle of Bataan Battle of Corregidor Second Republic Philippine resistance Hukbalahap Battle of Leyte Gulf Philippines campaign
Post-independence (1946–1965) Third Republic Treaty of Manila Mutual Defense Treaty Hukbalahap Rebellion Filipino First policy North Borneo dispute
Marcos era (1965–1986) Communist rebellion Moro conflict Martial law Fourth Republic People Power Revolution
Contemporary period (1986–present) Fifth Republic 1997 Asian financial crisis 2000 campaign against the MILF 2nd People Power Revolution EDSA III Oakwood mutiny Philippine drug war Territorial disputes Siege of Marawi Bangsamoro COVID-19 pandemic
By topic Ancient religions Rulers Queen consorts Administrative divisions Agriculture Archaeology Communications Conflicts Cultural achievements Diet and health Education Economy Geography Historiography Languages Medicine Military Names Politics Science and technology World Heritage Sites
Philippines portal
v t e